Table 3.

Associations between blood transfusion and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults in NHANES 1999–2018.

	Deaths	Unadjusted model		Model 1		Model 2
	n/N	HR (95 % CI)	p	HR (95 % CI)	p	HR (95 % CI)	p
Before PSM
All-cause mortality	2135/7448	3.58 (3.33, 3.86)	<0.001	1.87 (1.73, 2.03)	<0.001	2.06 (1.52, 2.78)	<0.001
Cardiovascular mortality	693/2319	4.64 (4.10, 5.25)	<0.001	2.13 (1.86, 2.44)	<0.001	2.86(1.77,4.62)	<0.001
Cancer mortality	427/1680	3.17 (2.74, 3.67)	<0.001	1.79 (1.55, 2.07)	<0.001	0.88 (0.41, 1.87)	0.740
After PSM
All-cause mortality	2082/3864	1.31 (1.21, 1.43)	<0.001	1.36 (1.24, 1.49)	<0.001	1.84 (1.33, 2.55)	<0.001
Cardiovascular mortality	675/1282	1.38 (1.20, 1.60)	<0.001	1.44 (1.25, 1.66)	<0.001	2.37 (1.41, 3.98)	0.001
Cancer mortality	421/779	1.36 (1.14, 1.63)	<0.001	1.42 (1.19, 1.71)	<0.001	0.90 (0.40, 2.04)	0.800
Sensitivity analysis after exclusion of participants with severe diseases (None, n = 35,130)
All-cause mortality	701/3490	3.01 (2.65, 3.41)	<0.001	1.74 (1.51,2.01)	<0.001	2.14 (1.24, 3.70)	0.010
Cardiovascular mortality	207/1004	3.55 (2.86, 4.40)	<0.001	1.84 (1.43, 2.37)	<0.001	3.85 (1.65, 8.99)	0.002
Cancer mortality	138/793	2.43 (1.85, 3.19)	<0.001	1.61 (1.20, 2.15)	0.001	1.37 (0.34, 5.43)	0.660

Model 1, Adjusted for: sex, age, race; Model 2, Adjusted for: sex, age, race, smoking status, alcohol intake, transfusion year; ASCVD; Cancer, Anemia, Coagulation modifiers and red blood cell distribution width quartile.

NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; HR, Hazard Ratio; 95 % CI, 95 % Confidence Interval; ASCVD, Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.