Figure 1.

Short-chain CoQ analogs support OxPhos.A, percent live wild-type or COQ2^−/− HepG2 cells after 72 h of incubation in galactose media with 20 μM indicated CoQ additive. Cells were pretreated with CoQ additives for 48 h to ensure sufficient uptake. Live cells defined as not staining for AAD-7 or annexin-V. n = three independent technical replicates, and error bars indicate standard deviation. Significance calculated using a one-way ANOVA. B, survival of COQ2^−/− HepG2 cells in galactose as in (A) over a titration of CoQ₄ and CoQ₁₀ concentrations. n = two independent technical replicates, and error bars indicate standard deviation. C and D, oxygen consumption rates (OCR) indicating (C) basal respiration and (D) maximal respiration after 3 μM FCCP treatment in COQ2^−/− and wild-type HepG2 cells after 24 h incubation with CoQ additives. n = four independent technical replicates, and error bars indicate standard deviation. Significance calculated using a one-way ANOVA. ns, not significant, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. For exact p values, see Table S1. CoQ, coenzyme Q; OxPhos, oxidative phosphorylation.