Table 1.
VigiAccess (the WHO pharmacovigilance database) results of ayahuasca, DMT, Peganum harmala, harmala alkaloids, and Psychotria viridis side effects (ADRs = adverse drug reactions).
| VigiAccess | Total Reports | Most Reported Potential Side Effect | Highest Geographical Distribution | Years Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayahuasca(Banisteriopsis caapi) | 2 | General disorders and administration site conditions (25%, 2 ADRs) | Europe (50%) and Americas (50%) | 2009 and 2011 |
| Dimethyltryptamine | 12 | Psychiatric disorders (20%, 6 ADRs) | Europe (67%) | 2015–2022 |
| Peganum harmala (wild rue) | 47 | Gastrointestinal disorders (25%, 21 ADRs) | Africa (89%) | 2005–2022 |
| Harmala alkaloids (harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine) | 0 | — | — | — |
| Psychotria viridis | 0 | — | — | — |