Table 3.
Longitudinal impact of sleep duration and bedtime on cognitive function (n = 1310).
| Immediate word recall |
Delayed word recall |
Number series test |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||||
| IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
| Duration <6h | 0.900 (0.831,0.975) | 0.010 | 0.966 (0.891,1.047) | 0.397 | 0.840 (0.770,0.916) | <0.001 | 0.926 (0.849,1.011) | 0.087 | 0.890 (0.825,0.960) | 0.003 | 1.022 (0.947,1.102) | 0.583 |
| Duration 6–7h | reference | |||||||||||
| Duration 7–8h | 0.972 (0.903,1.047) | 0.454 | 0.958 (0.889,1.031) | 0.252 | 0.927 (0.855,1.004) | 0.061 | 0.902 (0.833,0.977) | 0.012 | 0.952 (0.887,1.022) | 0.175 | 0.959 (0.893,1.030) | 0.246 |
| Duration >8h | 0.788 (0.723,0.859) | <0.001 | 0.835 (0.765,0.911) | <0.001 | 0.738 (0.671,0.811) | <0.001 | 0.783 (0.712,0.861) | <0.001 | 0.681 (0.624,0.742) | <0.001 | 0.812 (0.744,0.886) | <0.001 |
| Lagged-Duration <6h | 1.051 (0.925,1.200) | 0.452 | 0.984 (0.865,1.126) | 0.815 | 1.076 (0.935,1.246) | 0.314 | 0.964 (0.836,1.118) | 0.617 | 0.828 (0.740,0.929) | 0.001 | 0.783 (0.698,0.880) | <0.001 |
| Lagged-Duration 6–7h | reference | |||||||||||
| Lagged-Duration 7–8h | 1.011 (0.864,1.184) | 0.894 | 0.945 (0.808,1.108) | 0.485 | 0.957 (0.804,1.142) | 0.620 | 0.863 (0.724,1.030) | 0.100 | 0.887 (0.772,1.022) | 0.095 | 0.795 (0.691,0.916) | 0.001 |
| Lagged-Duration >8h | 1.006 (0.847,1.195) | 0.950 | 1.008 (0.849,1.199) | 0.924 | 1.000 (0.827,1.210) | 1.000 | 0.990 (0.818,1.199) | 0.916 | 0.706 (0.598,0.832) | <0.001 | 0.710 (0.601,0.837) | <0.001 |
| reference | ||||||||||||
| Bedtime≤22:00 | 0.899 (0.823,0.983) | 0.019 | 0.994 (0.909,1.088) | 0.888 | 0.836 (0.761,0.921) | <0.001 | 0.959 (0.872,1.057) | 0.395 | 0.805 (0.741,0.875) | <0.001 | 0.976 (0.898,1.062) | 0.572 |
| Bedtime>22:00 to 23:00 | reference | |||||||||||
| Bedtime>23:00 to 1:00 | 0.988 (0.847,1.147) | 0.871 | 0.900 (0.772,1.045) | 0.170 | 1.009 (0.856,1.185) | 0.913 | 0.893 (0.758,1.048) | 0.171 | 1.091 (0.952,1.248) | 0.205 | 0.866 (0.756,0.991) | 0.037 |
| Bedtime >1:00 | 1.267 (0.829,1.852) | 0.247 | 1.020 (0.659,1.510) | 0.926 | 1.258 (0.798,1.885) | 0.294 | 0.927 (0.577,1.417) | 0.740 | 1.748 (1.252,2.374) | 0.001 | 1.080 (0.757,1.497) | 0.659 |
| Lagged-Bedtime≤22:00 | 0.858 (0.791,0.933) | <0.001 | 0.941 (0.866,1.024) | 0.154 | 0.892 (0.815,0.978) | 0.014 | 0.999 (0.913,1.096) | 0.989 | 0.791 (0.732,0.855) | <0.001 | 0.976 (0.902,1.057) | 0.544 |
| Lagged-Bedtime>22:00 to 23:00 | reference | |||||||||||
| Lagged-Bedtime>23:00 to 1:00 | 1.016 (0.869,1.184) | 0.836 | 1.058 (0.905,1.232) | 0.472 | 0.951 (0.797,1.127) | 0.566 | 1.006 (0.845,1.192) | 0.944 | 0.836 (0.720,0.967) | 0.018 | 0.886 (0.764,1.025) | 0.107 |
| Lagged-Bedtime>1:00 | 0.984 (0.542,1.640) | 0.954 | 1.199 (0.653,2.030) | 0.528 | 1.206 (0.661,2.020) | 0.509 | 1.567 (0.844,2.691) | 0.126 | 0.915 (0.544,1.440) | 0.718 | 1.156 (0.672,1.876) | 0.577 |
| Vocabulary test |
Mathematic test |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||
| IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | IRR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
| Duration <6h | 0.922 (0.903,0.941) | <0.001 | 1.046 (1.025,1.068) | <0.001 | 0.861 (0.835,0.889) | <0.001 | 1.008 (0.977,1.041) | 0.609 |
| Duration 6–7h | reference | |||||||
| Duration 7–8h | 1.017 (0.997,1.038) | 0.104 | 1.003 (0.983,1.024) | 0.766 | 1.043 (1.012,1.076) | 0.007 | 1.009 (0.978,1.041) | 0.575 |
| Duration >8h | 0.814 (0.795,0.835) | <0.001 | 0.921 (0.898,0.944) | <0.001 | 0.853 (0.822,0.885) | <0.001 | 0.967 (0.932,1.004) | 0.079 |
| Lagged-Duration <6h | 0.886 (0.867,0.905) | <0.001 | 0.927 (0.908,0.948) | <0.001 | 0.903 (0.873,0.933) | <0.001 | 0.929 (0.899,0.961) | <0.001 |
| Lagged-Duration 6–7h | reference | |||||||
| Lagged-Duration 7–8h | 0.939 (0.916,0.962) | <0.001 | 0.969 (0.945,0.994) | 0.013 | 0.980 (0.944,1.018) | 0.305 | 1.003 (0.965,1.042) | 0.881 |
| Lagged-Duration >8h | 0.812 (0.788,0.836) | <0.001 | 0.899 (0.873,0.926) | <0.001 | 0.860 (0.822,0.899) | <0.001 | 0.940 (0.899,0.983) | 0.007 |
| reference | ||||||||
| Bedtime≤22:00 | 0.823 (0.806,0.839) | <0.001 | 0.974 (0.955,0.994) | 0.011 | 0.789 (0.765,0.814) | <0.001 | 0.975 (0.946,1.006) | 0.108 |
| Bedtime>22:00 to 23:00 | reference | |||||||
| Bedtime>23:00 to 1:00 | 1.030 (0.998,1.063) | 0.067 | 0.972 (0.941,1.003) | 0.080 | 1.032 (0.983,1.083) | 0.201 | 0.957 (0.911,1.004) | 0.071 |
| Bedtime >1:00 | 0.903 (0.814,0.998) | 0.050 | 0.925 (0.833,1.023) | 0.135 | 0.818 (0.691,0.960) | 0.016 | 0.847 (0.716,0.995) | 0.048 |
| Lagged-Bedtime≤22:00 | 0.844 (0.827,0.861) | <0.001 | 0.978 (0.958,0.998) | 0.028 | 0.854 (0.828,0.881) | <0.001 | 1.010 (0.980,1.042) | 0.516 |
| Lagged-Bedtime>22:00 to 23:00 | reference | |||||||
| Lagged-Bedtime>23:00 to 1:00 | 0.961 (0.928,0.994) | 0.023 | 0.993 (0.959,1.028) | 0.689 | 0.979 (0.929,1.032) | 0.427 | 1.017 (0.964,1.071) | 0.540 |
| Lagged-Bedtime>1:00 | 0.934 (0.852,1.021) | 0.137 | 0.944 (0.861,1.032) | 0.212 | 0.974 (0.847,1.113) | 0.701 | 0.982 (0.854,1.122) | 0.791 |
Note. Model 1: crude model, Model 2: adjusted age, gender, education level.