Table 2.

Proximal and distal determinants of floor faecal contamination in villages in Bungoma, Kwale, and Narok counties.

Proximal determinants	Socioeconomic distal determinants	Environmental distal determinants	Community psychosocial determinants
Presence of animals on floors – this causes contamination through defecation directly onto floors or transporting faecal matter on their bodies	Type and quantities of animals present – poultry more likely to gain access to interior spaces than goats or cattle.Dedicated animals shelters reduce need to house animals in kitchens and other spaces shared with household members.Accessibility of interior spaces – open doors and holes in walls allow chickens and goats to access interior floors.	Perceptions of safety of environment – cold weather, fear over predators or thieves encourages household to house animals in living rooms or kitchens.Close proximity of households in a community allows animals to access neighbours’ compounds.Seasonal changes in weather determine animals daily routines and where they are housed during the night.	Cultural preferences influence which animal types are owned and how they are housed.House building culture influences whether the buildings have holes in walls that allow animals access to interior floors.
Child faeces – comes into contact with floor through infants and young children defecating directly on to floors or cleaning materials being deposited on floor	Presence of sanitation on compound allows for disposal of child faeces, but does not prevent initial contact with floors.	A high water table or soil types with high sand content. may preclude construction of latrines.	Social norms around sanitation practices and child faeces disposal.
Floor cleaning – sweeping or mopping with water and soap removes faecal matter from interior and exterior floors	Presence of an improved floor allows households to incorporate mopping with water and soap into their routines.Access to soap can make floor cleaning more effective at removing faecal matter.	Seasonal changes in weather can effect amount of dirt being brought on to household floors and thus the amount of cleaning required.In water-scarce settings households may not have sufficient access to water to practice regular mopping.	Cultural norms around what constitutes ‘regular’ cleaning.House building culture determines the desirability of improved floors.