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. 2024 May 11;20(3):54. doi: 10.1007/s11306-024-02127-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Bin and metabolite PCA results and a volcano plot. (a) The PCA score plot illustrates a natural differentiation in the bin data of the urine metabolome profiles of the 25 healthy control (HC) (pink circle) and 15 poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (pT2D) (green circle) participants. (b) The PCA score plot illustrates natural differentiation in the 25 metabolites of the urine metabolome profiles of the 25 HC (pink circle) and 15 pT2D (green circle) participants. (c) The volcano plot visually depicts metabolites based on their combined biological and statistical significance. Non-parametric FDR-adjusted p-values, log transformed with base 10, are depicted on the y-axis, with a significance threshold of 0.1, making no assumption on the equality of group variances. The x-axis represents log2 scaled fold change (FC) values considered practically relevant if |FC| ≥ 2.0 when comparing metabolite profiles of the poorly controlled type 2 diabetes cohort relative to the healthy control cohort. *The circled participant has been classified as an outlier