Table 2.
Statistically significant urine metabolites that describe the variance in the metabolome between the healthy control and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes cohorts
| Metabolites | Healthy control | Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes | Healthy control vs. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average concentration ± Standard deviation (mmol/mol creatinine) |
Glass’s σ effect size (≥ 0.5) |
FDR-adjusted p-value (≤ 0.05) |
||
|
α-Hydroxybutyric acid (HMDB0000008) |
1.45 ± 0.14 | 1.68 ± 0.33 | 1.61 | 1.33 × 10− 3 |
|
β-Hydroxybutyric acid (HMDB0000011) |
0.46 ± 0.45 | 1.20 ± 0.49 | 1.65 | 3.94 × 10− 4 |
|
β-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (HMDB0000023) |
1.10 ± 0.29 | 1.51 ± 0.19 | 1.38 | 4.27 × 10− 5 |
|
β-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (HMDB0000754) |
1.13 ± 0.12 | 1.28 ± 0.14 | 1.31 | 2.71 × 10− 3 |
|
ρ-Hydroxyphenylacetate (HMDB0060390) |
1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.55 ± 0.19 | 0.71 | 2.17 × 10− 2 |
|
Acetoacetic acid (HMDB0000060) |
1.45 ± 0.11 | 1.70 ± 0.18 | 2.32 | 3.71 × 10− 5 |
|
Alanine (HMDB0000161) |
1.68 ± 0.12 | 1.98 ± 0.14 | 2.57 | 7.98 × 10− 7 |
|
Choline (HMDB0000097) |
0.93 ± 0.37 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | 1.15 | 4.52 × 10− 6 |
|
Citric acid (HMDB0000094) |
2.35 ± 0.38 | 2.71 ± 0.17 | 0.95 | 6.35 × 10− 4 |
|
Dimethylglycine (HMDB0000092) |
1.00 ± 0.16 | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 1.15 | 1.63 × 10− 4 |
|
Fumaric acid (HMDB0000134) |
3 × 10− 3 ± 0.48 | 0.55 ± 0.24 | 1.14 | 2.00 × 10− 4 |
|
Glucose (HMDB0000122) |
0.92 ± 0.21 | 3.81 ± 0.57 | 13.75 | 1.62 × 10− 7 |
|
Isoleucine (HMDB0000172) |
0.69 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.10 | 2.01 | 4.27 × 10− 5 |
|
Lactic acid (HMDB0000190) |
1.81 ± 0.37 | 2.20 ± 0.32 | 1.05 | 2.71 × 10− 3 |
|
Leucine (HMDB0000687) |
1.37 ± 0.19 | 1.63 ± 0.12 | 1.36 | 2.20 × 10− 6 |
|
Lysine (HMDB0000182) |
2.10 ± 0.23 | 2.25 ± 0.26 | 0.64 | 1.75 × 10− 3 |
|
Mannose (HMDB0000169) |
0.18 ± 0.24 | 1.56 ± 0.52 | 5.70 | 4.56 × 10− 7 |
|
Myo- inositol (HMDB0000211) |
< 0.001 | 2.37 ± 0.28 | 1.4 × 1015 | 1.62 × 10− 7 |
|
N-acetylglucosamine (HMDB0000215) |
1.72 ± 0.07 | 1.80 ± 0.05 | 1.06 | 2.37 × 10− 3 |
|
Pyroglutamate (HMDB0000267) |
2.44 ± 0.10 | 2.51 ± 0.10 | 0.74 | 1.78 × 10− 2 |
|
Pyruvic acid (HMDB0000243) |
1.11 ± 0.19 | 1.33 ± 0.18 | 1.17 | 3.75 × 10− 4 |
|
Sucrose (HMDB0000258) |
1.15 ± 0.43 | 1.77 ± 0.54 | 1.50 | 1.78 × 10− 4 |
|
Tryptophan (HMDB0000929) |
1.00 ± 0.53 | 1.50 ± 0.44 | 0.95 | 5.29 × 10− 3 |
|
Tyrosine (HMDB0000158) |
1.10 ± 0.33 | 1.41 ± 0.08 | 0.95 | 1.55 × 10− 5 |
|
Valine (HMDB0000883) |
0.64 ± 0.40 | 1.16 ± 0.10 | 1.29 | 5.41 × 10− 6 |
HMDB, The human metabolomics database