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. 2024 May 11;15:3994. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48467-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Electron transfer pathway in human NOX5 (a) and DUOX1 (b) before and after Ca²⁺ activation. Side chains of residues between two hemes are shown. c Electrostatic representation of the NOX5 NADPH binding pockets for pre-reaction state and intermediate state 3. d Cryo-EM density of NADPH in pre-reaction state and intermediate state 3. Nicotinamide group is indicated with red arrow. e The RMSD of chemical groups from NADPH and FAD in pre-reaction state and intermediate state 3. For pre-reaction state, the minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of nicotinamide group are 0.03, 15.07, 5.77, 4.13 and 7.58, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of phosphor-ADP ribose group are 0.03, 7.44, 3.10, 2.62 and 3.81, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of flavin group are 0.04, 6.13, 2.17, 1.65 and 2.93, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of D-ribitol group are 0.03, 8.96, 3.49, 2.60 and 4.49, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of ADP group are 0.04, 15.86, 5.79, 4.32 and 7.41, respectively. For intermediate state 3, the minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of nicotinamide group are 0.00, 22.51, 6.27, 4.58 and 10.20, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of phosphor-ADP ribose group are 0.00, 8.23, 3.70, 2.95 and 4.62, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of flavin group are 0.00, 6.54, 2.41, 1.86 and 3.11, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of D-ribitol group are 0.00, 10.41, 3.66, 2.70 and 4.81, respectively. The minima, maxima, centre, 25% percentile and 75% percentile of ADP group are 0.00, 13.74, 5.47, 3.70 and 6.95, respectively. The bar covers 25% and 75% of the data. All data are plotted on the violin plot. Pre and IS3 represent pre-reaction state and intermediate state 3, respectively. Data in all triplicates are combined to a single histogram. f Distance distribution between FAD and NADPH in pre-reaction state and intermediate state 3. Pre and IS3 represent pre-reaction state and intermediate state 3, respectively. Data in all triplicates are combined to a single histogram.