Table 2. A select list of human predictive biomarkers of aging associated with various age-related conditions and their commercial applications.
Refer to the supplementary materials for the commercial application details.
| Biomarker of aging | Biomarker type | Age-related conditions | Commercial application |
|---|---|---|---|
| DNAmAge (Horvath29, Hannum53) | Epigenetic clocks, based on a set of DNA methylation measures associated with chronological age | Associated with multiple aging diseases and time-to-death, based on meta-analyses54,55 | Licensed for estimating chronological age |
| GlycanAge56 | A panel of molecular measures based on glycans attached to Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies associated with chronological age | Associated with multiple diseases57 | Commercially used to track responses to lifestyle changes |
| PhenoAge42 and GrimAge43 | Epigenetic clocks, based on a set of DNA methylation measures associated with “clinical phenotypic age measures” (a panel of age-associated molecular and physiological biomarkers, measured in blood) | Higher association with multiple aging-related diseases and time-to-death, compared to previous DNAm biomarkers, and associated with healthspan42,43. Associated with multiple age-related clinical phenotypes (walking speed, frailty, and cognitive functions)58 | Licensed for optimizing life insurance |
| DunedinPoAm and DunedinPACE59 | Epigenetic clocks, based on a set of DNA methylation measures associated with “pace of aging measures” (a panel of age-associated molecular and physiological biomarker measurements of different organ systems) | Associated with the incidence of multiple chronic diseases, including dementia, disability, and mortality59,60 | Licensed for tracking the rate of aging |
| Multi-omic biological age estimation based on KDM61 | KDM applied to over 900 principal component transformed biomarkers (metabolites, proteins, genomics, and clinical measures) | Positively and negatively modulated by “healthy” and “unhealthy” behaviors/health conditions (e.g., type 2 diabetes), respectively61 | Licensed for tracking biological age |
| Aging.AI, Deep Transcriptomic and Proteomic Clocks | AI-based blood clocks, based on hematological parameters, transcriptomic and proteomic data | Associated with all-cause mortality62 and wasting63 | Commercially available for use in clinical trials |