| Full stomach |
Recent eating |
|
Ileus (paralytic, non-paralytic) |
|
Pregnancy |
|
Delayed gastric emptying (traumatised patients, pyloric spasm) |
|
Gastric hypersecretion (pain, stress) |
|
Advanced chronic disease resulting in gastroparesis (diabetes mellitus/chronic kidney disease/neuromuscular disorders) |
| Oesophageal sphincter |
Severe reflux disease |
|
Oesophageal disorders: Zenker's diverticulum, strictures |
|
Previous oesophageal-gastric surgery |
|
Morbid obesity |
| Laryngeal reflexes |
Inadequate depth of anaesthesia |
|
Traumatic brain injury, cerebral infarction |
|
Neuromuscular disorders |
| Others |
Emergency surgery |
|
Difficult airway |
|
Inadequate use of first generation supraglottic airway devices |
