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. 2024 May 13;11:29. doi: 10.1186/s40779-024-00532-9

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Different antibacterial actions involved in the management of bacterial infections. The antibacterial actions can be divided into 5 categories. a Material/surface can inhibit bacterial adhesion. b Engineered surfaces can cause bacterial death via direct contact. c Engineered surface can release antibacterial ions/agents to achieve bactericidal effects. d Material/surface with intrinsic bactericidal effects. e Material/surface can be activated by external driving forces to initiate antibacterial activities