Table 6.

Summary of G-based coatings and the corresponding biological effects

Material type	Modification method	Bacterial affected	Cell response to the surface	In vivo study	References
Single-layered G	Airbrush spraying	S. aureus	-	-	[225]
Single-layered G	CVD-grown and vacuum-assisted dry transfer technique	S. mutans, E. faecalis, C. albicans and P. aeruginosa	-	-	[226, 227]
Single-layered G	PMMA-assisted transfer and thermal treatment	E. coli and S. aureus	Enhanced cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation	Increased ectopic bone formation in nude mice model	[95]
Single-layered G	PMMA-assisted coating	-	-	Enhanced osseointegration in rabbit femurs	[228]
GO	Atmospheric plasma deposition	S. mutans and P. gingivalis	Enhanced cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation	-	[229]
GO/Carbon fibers/PEEK	Electrostatic powder spraying	S. aureus	Good cytocompatibility	-	[94]
GO/Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite	Electrophoretic deposition	-	Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs	Enhanced osseointegration in rat model of tibia bone defect	[96]
GO/Minocycline hydrochloride	APTES-assisted coating method	S. aureus, E. coli and S. mutans	Good cytocompatibility	-	[232]
GO/Ag nanoparticles	Electroplating and UV reduction methods	S. mutans and P. gingivalis	Mild cytotoxicity	-	[233]
rGO	APTES-assisted coating method	-	Accelerated BMSC osteogenic differentiation	-	[230]
rGO/Dexamethasone	APTES-assisted coating method	-	Enhanced differentiation of MC3T3-E1	-	[231]

G graphene, GO graphene oxide, rGO reduced graphene oxide, CVD chemical vapor deposition, PMMA polymethyl methacrylate, APTES (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, UV ultraviolet, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus, S. mutans Streptococcus mutans, E. faecalis Enterococcus faecalis, C. albicans Candida albicans, P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli Escherichia coli, P. gingivalis Porphyromonas gingivalis, BMSCs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, MC3T3-E1 mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells