Table 7.
Summary of the PEEK surface modification strategies and the corresponding antibacterial effects
| Modification methods | Surface properties | Antibacterial properties | Cell response to the surface | In vivo study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma treatment | Hydrophilic surface with nano-protrusions and positively charged functional groups | Inhibited adhesion and growth of S. mutans and S. aureus | Enhanced osteogenic activity | - | [303] |
| Acid etching | Porous structure | - | Increased mineralization and osteogenic differentiation | Rat model: increased implant osseointegration | [304] |
| Accelerated neutral atom beam | Increased roughness, hydrophilicity, and surface-active groups | - | Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis related gene expression | Sheep model: enhanced bone ingrowth | [305–307] |
| Coating with GO nano-sheets | Cotton-like morphology with enhanced surface hydrophilicity | Inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis and S. mutans, prevent biofilm formation | Good cytocompatibility and enhanced osteogenic differentiation | - | [308] |
| Coating with GO and ZnO nanoparticles | ZnO crystals agglomerated into petal lamellar GO | Inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis and S. mutans | Biocompatible to L929 cells | - | [309] |
| UV radiation grafting | Changed surface chemistry, enhanced hydrophilicity | - | Enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation | Rabbit model: improved bone-implant contact | [310, 311] |
| Sulfonation treatment | Three-dimensional porous network with enhanced surface hydrophobicity | Resistance against S. aureus and E. coli | Enhanced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation | Rat model: enhanced osseointegration and antibacterial resistance | [312, 313] |
| Plasma immersion ion implantation followed by fluorination treatment | Changed surface chemistry, enhanced hydrophilicity | Bacteriostatic effect against P. gingivalis | Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity | Rat model: enhanced osseointegration | [99] |
| Composite | Enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity | Inhibited proliferation of S. mutans, prevented biofilm formation | Improved cell adhesion, proliferation, mineralization, and osteogenic differentiation | Dog model: promoted osseointegration | [314] |
GO graphene oxide, ZnO zinc oxide, UV ultraviolet, S. mutans Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus, P. gingivalis Porphyromonas gingivalis, E. coli Escherichia coli