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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2024 Apr 2;195:106492. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106492

Table 3. Downregulated ataxia-related genes in MWK.

Mutation or knockout (KO) of several listed genes are known to cause SCA in humans as well as motor dysfunction and ataxia in mice. The list also includes genes downregulated in P18 MWK mice with exception of Shank2, which is upregulated in P18 MWK. Cell type expression is based on Allen Brain Atlas ISHH images and published papers. CN-cerebellar nuclei, BG-Bergman glia, GC-granule cells, GoC-Golgi cells, PC-Purkinje cells, S/BC-stellate and basket cells. The list shows genes with FDR Adjusted p < 0.003.

Official
Symbol
Official Full Name (also known as) Cell type
expression
FDR Adj
p Value
SCA, SCA models and mouse mutants References
Fgf7 fibroblast growth factor 7 PC 3.2E-45 downregulated in P18 MWK Dulneva et al., 2015
Doc2b double C2, beta PC 6.3E-39 downregulated in P18 MWK Dulneva et al., 2015
Shank2 SH3/ankyrin domain gene 2 PC, GoC, S/BC, CN 3.2E-32 PC-specific KO; downregulated in SCA2 model; upregulated in P18 MWK Dulneva et al., 2015; Peter et al., 2016; Arsović et al., 2020
Grid2ip glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2 (Grid2) interacting protein 1 PC 5.8E-27 listed under Gid2
Stk17b serine/threonine kinase 17b (apoptosis-inducing) (DRAK2) PC 1.2E-24 downregulated in SCA1, SCA7, SCA14, SCA41 models; and P18 MWK Dulneva et al., 2015; Wu and Kapfhammer, 2021, 2022
Hipk2 homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 PC 1.2E-18 KO mouse Anzilotti et al., 2015
Camk2a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha PC 3.1E-15 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Camk1d calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ID no signal 4.3E-15 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Rora RAR-related orphan receptor alpha PC, S/BC, CN 1.5E-14 staggerer mice; RORA−/− mouse; human mutation Guissart et al., 2018; Lalonde and Strazielle, 2007, 2019; Halbach et al., 2017
Ptpn4 protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 4 PC, GoC, CN 1.6E-14 KO mouse Kina et al., 2007
Grm4 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4 (mGluR4) GC, CN 3.2E-14 KO mouse; downregulated in SCA2 model Pekhletski et al., 1996; Arsović et al., 2020
Frrs1l ferric-chelate reductase 1 like (6430704M03Rik) PC 6.2E-13 KO mouse Wang et al., 2022a
Dgkh diacylglycerol kinase, eta PC 1.5E-12 KO mouse; downregulated in SCA2 model and P18 MWK Dulneva et al., 2015; Hozumi et al., 2017
Bean1 brain expressed, associated with Nedd4, 1 PC 2.2E-12 SCA31 Ishikawa and Nagai, 2019; Ishikawa, 2023
Atp2b3 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 3 (PMCA3) PC, GC, S/BC, CN 2.8E-11 spontaneous shaker mutant rat; human mutation Calì et al., 2015; Figueroa et al., 2016; Erekat, 2017
Gabra1 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, subunit alpha 1 PC, S/BC, CN 4.1E-10 KO mouse Nietz et al., 2020
Far2 fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 PC, GoC 6.4E-10 downregulated in P18 MWK Dulneva et al., 2015
Cdc42ep1 CDC42 effector protein (Rho GTPase binding) 1 BG 2.4E-09 KO mouse Ageta-Ishihara et al., 2015
Cdkl5 cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 GC, CN 4.7E-09 KO mouse Sivilia et al., 2016
Kcnc3 potassium voltage gated channel, Shaw-related subfamily, member 3 PC, CN 6.9E-09 SCA13 Waters, 1993; Duarri et al., 2015
Cbln1 cerebellin 1 precursor protein GC, CN 9.5E-09 KO mouse Hirai et al., 2005; Matsuda and Yuzaki, 2012
Caln1 calneuron 1 PC, GoC, CN 1.4E-08 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Cacna2d2 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 2 PC, GoC, S/BC, CN 1.7E-08 Ducky mutation mouse Barclay et al., 2001; Brodbeck et al., 2002
Ptprr protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor PC 2.7E-08 PTPRR−/− mouse Chirivi et al., 2007; Hendriks et al., 2009
Igfbp5 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 GC 8.8E-08 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Icmt isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (PCCMT) PC 2.5E-07 downregulated in SCA1 model and Atxn2 KO mouse Halbach et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2000
Atp8a2 ATPase, aminophospholipid transporterlike, class I, type 8 A, member 2 PC, CN 8.6E-07 mutation in humans Narishige et al., 2022; Onat et al., 2013
Cbln3 cerebellin 3 precursor protein GC 9.6E-07 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Car8 carbonic anhydrase 8 PC, CN 2.0E-06 Waddles mutant mouse White et al., 2016; Shimobayashi and Kapfhammer, 2018
Sacs sacsin PC 2.3E-06 Autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) Engert et al., 2000; Márquez, 2021
Cacna1g calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit (Cav3.1) PC, GoC 3.3E-06 SCA42 Chemin et al., 2018; Hashiguchi et al., 2019; Berecki et al., 2020
Atp2b2 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 2 (PMCA2) PC, GoC, CN 4.1E-06 KO mouse Empson et al., 2010; Kozel et al., 1998
Itpka inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A PC 4.3E-06 downregulated in SCA2 Arsović et al., 2020
Scn2a1 sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha GC 5.4E-06 mutations Liao et al., 2010
Slc1a6 solute carrier family 1 (high affinity aspartate/glutamate transporter), member 6 (EAAT4) PC 1.3E-05 episodic human ataxia, downregulated in SCA1 model, KO mouse, Lin et al., 2000; Jen et al., 2005; de Vries et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2017; Perkins et al., 2018
Shank1 SH3/ankyrin domain gene 1 PC 1.5E-05 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Camk4 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV GC 2.7E-05 mutation in humans, downregulated in SCA2 model Zech et al., 2018; Arsović et al., 2020
Cdk5r1 cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (p35) PC 3.5E-05 PC specific KO mouse He et al., 2014
Gpd1 hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose 1-dehydrogenase) BG 4.1E-05 downregulated in Atxn2 KO mouse Halbach et al., 2017
Scn1a sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, alpha (Nav1.1) PC, GoC 5.2E-05 KO mouse; Dravet syndrome Kalume et al., 2007; Hoffman-Zacharska et al., 2015; Gataullina and Dulac, 2017; Hoxha et al., 2018
Ank1 ankyrin 1, erythroid PC, GoC, CN 2.1E-04 nb/nb mutation KO mouse, PHARC (polyneuropathy, Peters et al., 1991
Abhd16a abhydrolase domain containing 16 A GC, CN 2.2E-04 hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract) in human Singh et al., 2020
Itpr1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) PC 2.4E-04 SCA15, SCA16, SCA29, Gillespie syndrome, downregulated in SCA1 and SCA2 models Halbach et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2000; Romaniello et al., 2022
Scn4b sodium channel, type IV, beta (Navβ4) PC, CN 2.5E-04 KO mouse Hoxha et al., 2018; Ransdell et al., 2017
Homer3 homer scaffolding protein 3 PC, S/BC, CN 4.4E-04 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Grm3 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3 (mGluR3) GoC 6.4E-04 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Hpcal1 hippocalcin-like 1 PC 6.4E-04 downregulated in SCA2 model Arsović et al., 2020
Grid2 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2 PC 1.2E-03 SCA18; Lurcher mouse; hotfoot mouse; KO mouse Lalouette et al., 1998; Doughty et al., 2000; Lalonde and Strazielle, 2007, 2019; Hills et al., 2013; Ceylan et al., 2021
Fgf14 fibroblast growth factor 14 GC, CN 1.6E-03 SCA27 Bosch et al., 2015; Shakkottai et al., 2009
Agtpbp1 ATP/GTP binding protein 1 (Nna1) PC 2.1E-03 Pcd mutant mouse Lalonde and Strazielle, 2007, 2019; Zhou et al., 2018