TABLE 8.

Effect of music intervention at different periods on the difference in the change of heart rate variability index.

	Pre-exercise	In-exercise	Post-exercise	Control group	Comparison between groups
HRV-LF/HF
Pre-test	2.65 ± 1.82	2.48 ± 1.53	2.35 ± 1.32	2.55 ± 1.58	F = 0.134
Mid-test	4.04 ± 2.23	4.51 ± 2.90	4.25 ± 2.67	4.12 ± 2.69	p = 0.940
Post-test	3.39 ± 2.09	3.69 ± 2.39	3.65 ± 1.89	4.02 ± 3.18	ɳp 2 = 0.003
Comparison within groups	F = 3.451	F = 5.698	F = 6.825	F = 3.509
	p = 0.036	p = 0.005	p = 0.002	p = 0.034
	ɳp 2 = 0.074	ɳp 2 = 0.116	ɳp 2 = 0.136	ɳp 2 = 0.075
HRV-SDNN [ms]
Pre-test	64.89 ± 24.75	60.34 ± 20.52	67.65 ± 26.14	62.05 ± 18.48	F = 1.167
Mid-test	35.71 ± 19.26	30.09 ± 19.17	34.66 ± 20.42	30.30 ± 19.38	p = 0.325
Post-test	57.91 ± 24.77	50.42 ± 18.38	56.14 ± 21.61	51.96 ± 16.60	ɳp 2 = 0.029
Comparison within groups	F = 13.078	F = 18.994	F = 16.100	F = 23.861
	p = 0.032	p = 0.412	p = 0.044	p = 0.026
	ɳp 2 = 0.231	ɳp 2 = 0.304	ɳp 2 = 0.270	ɳp 2 = 0.354
HRV-RMSSD [ms]
Pre-test	65.08 ± 28.91	63.32 ± 24.66	67.68 ± 31.56	59.60 ± 26.98	F = 0.961
Mid-test	29.28 ± 8.03	29.09 ± 6.04	33.50 ± 11.75	24.95 ± 6.01	p = 0.414
Post-test	51.16 ± 18.37	53.16 ± 16.88	53.11 ± 20.38	50.56 ± 14.99	ɳp 2 = 0.024
Comparison within groups	F = 23.680	F = 29.912	F = 17.088	F = 29.406
	p = 0.001	p = 0.032	p = 0.002	p = 0.043
	ɳp 2 = 0.352	ɳp 2 = 0.407	ɳp 2 = 0.282	ɳp 2 = 0.403

Note: Gender, age, and education level were adjusted for the above models based on repeated measures ANOVA, test.