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. 2024 May 10;10:e46029. doi: 10.2196/46029

Table 1.

Description of the UK and Canadian study regions, including population size by sex and age, geographic area, household income, and paramedic capacity.


East Midlands region, United Kingdom (n=4,865,583) Niagara and Hamilton regions, Canada (n=1,019,510)
Sex, n (%)

Female 2,457,905 (50.5) 522,488 (51.2)

Male 2,407,678 (49.5) 497,022 (48.8)
Age (years), n (%)

<18 1,007,895 (20.7) 206,428 (20.4)

18-44 1,623,597 (33.4) 306,517 (30.4)

45-65 1,331,144 (27.4) 289,575 (28.7)

>65 902,947 (18.6) 207,184 (20.5)
Geographic and population description

Area (km2) 16,640 3226

Population density (residents per square kilometer) 290 316

Adjusted household income (US $)a $44,357b $46,003c
Paramedic service description

Peak number of vehicles staffed 496 69 (38 Niagara and 31 Hamilton)

Number of persons per vehicle 9809 14,776

Total number of crew staff 3200 745 (343 Niagara and 402 Hamilton)

aAdjusted household income using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development purchasing power parities [18] based on a standardized basket of goods and services for the United Kingdom (0.7) and Canada (1.3).

bThe mean disposable income, according to the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics, 2016 census [19].

cThe median after-tax income, according to Statistics Canada, 2016 census [20]; weighted median using the Hamilton and Niagara population totals from the same year.