Fig. 2: Classification of literature that discusses mechanistic links between all three pressures: climate, biodiversity, and infectious disease.

Summary of the 128 studies that discuss climate change, biodiversity, and infectious disease. Each study was scored for publication type, ecosystem (focal habitat), taxon (focal organism), and mechanisms. The study specific mechanisms described in each publication were assigned to the broader mechanism categories discussed in this synthesis (Table 1). For example, studies that describe general increases in temperature and precipitation were included in the ‘gradual climate change’ mechanism, whereas studies on extreme heatwaves were included in ‘climatic pulse events.’ Line width represents the number of studies (n = 128). Further details are provided in the Supplementary Methods.