Table 2.
Comparison of each immunotherapy in terms of major effector, limitation, and undesired adverse effects
| Function | TriKEs | CAR-T cells | ICIs | CKTs | mAbs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functions | |||||
| Major effector cells | NK cells | T cells | T cells | Various immune cells | Various immune cells |
| Limitation | Frequent dosing requirement | Excessive immune response | Excessive immune response | Effective dose’s cytotoxicity | Varied effects among people |
| Antigen escape | High costs | Natural pathway inhibition | Uncertain stimulation | Limited penetration accessibility | |
| Adverse effects | |||||
| Stimulation of CRS | No reports | Anti-CD19 CAR in B-CLL and DLBCL patients [53, 54, 61] | Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in melanoma and hemotologicmalignancy [79] | No reports | Anti-CD3, anti-CD20, and anti-CD28 [58, 75] |
| On-target off-tumor cytotoxicity | No reports | Anti-TAG72, anti-B7-H3 [56, 57] | Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 [70] | No reports | Anti-TNF and anti-EGFR [75] |
| Neurotoxicity | No reports | Anti-CD19 CAR in B-CLL patients [53, 56] | Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 [80] | No reports | No reports |
| Graft-versus-host disease | No reports | Anti-CD19 CAR in B-CLL [53] | Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 [70] | No reports | No reports |
| Others | No reports | TLS [56] | Autoim-mune diabetes [70] | Vascular-leak syndrome [44] | No reports |
CKTs: cytokine therapies; TAG: tumor-associated glycoprotein; DLBCL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor