Table 1:
Distribution of patient characteristics, overall and by pre-hospital opioid exposure
| Variable | Total Population N = 28,150 | Opioid = No N = 27,260 (96.84%) | Opioid = Yes N = 890 (3.16%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (%, N) | |||
| 65–74 | 20.0 (5,632) | 19.9 (5,410) | 24.9 (222) |
| 65–84 | 34.7 (9,769) | 34.7 (9,465) | 34.2 (304) |
| ≥85 | 45.3 (12,749) | 45.4 (12,385) | 40.9 (364) |
| Sex (%, N) | |||
| Female | 69.8 (19,640) | 69.5 (18,934) | 79.3 (706) |
| Male | 30.2 (8,510) | 30.5 (8,326) | 20.7 (184) |
| Race/Ethnicity (%, N) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 94.3 (26,537) | 94.1 (25,663) | 98.2 (874) |
| Race/Ethnicity other than White | 5.6 (1,572) | 5.7 (1,558) | 1.6 (14) |
| Unknown | 0.2 (41) | 0.1 (39) | <1.0 (<11) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score (%, N) | |||
| 0 | 37.7 (10,622) | 37.9 (10,325) | 33.4 (297) |
| 1 | 23.0 (6,475) | 22.9 (6,263) | 23.8 (212) |
| 2 | 14.4 (4,054) | 14.3 (3,891) | 18.3 (163) |
| ≥3 | 24.9 (6,999) | 24.9 (6,781) | 24.5 (218) |
| Frailtya (%, N) | |||
| Not frail | 52.2 (14,691) | 52.1 (14,194) | 55.8 (497) |
| Frail | 47.8 (13,459) | 47.9 (13,066) | 44.2 (393) |
| Injury Severity Score (%, N) | |||
| 1–8 | 71.5 (20,132) | 72.6 (19,789) | 38.5 (343) |
| 9–15 | 24.2 (6,807) | 22.9 (6,267) | 60.7 (540) |
| 16–24 | 4.1 (1,165) | 4.3 (1,159) | <1.0 (<11) |
| ≥25 | 0.2 (46) | 0.2 (45) | <1.0 (<11) |
| Traumatic Brain Injury (%, N) | |||
| No | 76.0 (21,402) | 75.4 (20,562) | 94.4 (840) |
| Yes | 23.9 (6,748) | 24.6 (6,698) | 5.6 (50) |
| Hip Fracture (%, N) | |||
| No | 78.4 (22,071) | 79.4 (21,653) | 47.0 (418) |
| Yes | 21.6 (6,079) | 20.6 (5,607) | 53.0 (472) |
| Trauma Center Level (%, N) | |||
| Level I/II | 55.1 (15,519) | 55.9 (15,243) | 31.0 (276) |
| Level III | 0.9 (268) | 0.9 (254) | 1.6 (14) |
| Non-Trauma Center | 43.9 (12,363) | 43.2 (11,763) | 67.4 (600) |
| EMS Scene Time (mean minutes, SD) | 18.1 (35.2) | 18.0 (35.7) | 21.55 (7.95) |
| EMS Transport Time (mean minutes, SD) | 11.6 (23.6) | 11.4 (23.8) | 15.5 (13.9) |
| Prehospital Vital Signs | |||
| Lowest SPB (mean, SD) | 141.3 (28.6) | 141.3 (28.6) | 142.6 (28.2) |
| Missing SBP (%, N) | 3.9 (1,094) | 3.9 (1,088) | <1.0 (<11) |
| Lowest pulse (mean, SD) | 80.2 (18.9) | 80.2 (19.0) | 78.6 (15.4) |
| Missing pulse (%, N) | 2.8 (802) | 2.9 (800) | <1.0 (<11) |
| Lowest blood oxygenation (mean, SD) | 95.5 (16.1) | 95.6 (16.3) | 95.1 (9.1) |
| Missing blood oxygenation (%, N) | 16.6 (4,677) | 16.8 (4,587) | 10.1 (90) |
| Lowest respiratory rate (median, IQR) | 18 (16, 18) | 18 (16, 18) | 18 (16, 20) |
| Missing respiratory rate (%, N) | 2.9 (836) | 3.0 (827) | <1.0 (<11) |
| Lowest Glasgow Coma Score (median, IQR) | 15 (15, 15) | 15 (15, 15) | 15 (15, 15) |
| Missing Glasgow Coma Score (%, N) | 6.0 (1,698) | 5.9 (1,633) | 7.3 (65) |
| Delirium (%, N) | |||
| Yes | 6.4 (1,787) | 6.3 (1,725) | 6.9 (62) |
| No | 93.7 (26,363) | 93.7 (25,535) | 93.0 (828) |
| Hospital Disposition (%, N) | |||
| ED to home | 49.7 (14,015) | 50.7 (13,815) | 22.5 (200) |
| ED to non-home | 12.2 (3,446) | 12.1 (1,873) | 16.2 (144) |
| Inpatient to home | 6.8 (1,925) | 6.9 (1,873) | 5.8 (52) |
| Inpatient to non-home | 29.5 (8,290) | 28.7 (7,817) | 53.2 (473) |
| Deceased | 0.9 (239) | 0.9 (231) | <1.0 (<11) |
| Unknown | 0.8 (235) | 0.8 (222) | 1.5 (13) |
| Inpatient length of stay (median, IQR) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) |
| ICU length of stay (median, IQR) | 3 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 4) | 3 (2, 4) |
a
Frailty estimated using the Claims Based Frailty Score,31 which ranges from 0 to 1. Scores ≤0.25 were categorized as non-frail and scores >0.25 were categorized as frail