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. 2024 Feb 27;5(5):405–416. doi: 10.1002/bco2.340

TABLE 1.

Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study design (PICOS) for systematic review.

Inclusion Exclusion
Population Persons aged ≥18 years with de novo malignant obstruction of the upper urinary tract caused by cancer. Studies with datasets that included mixed benign and malignant causes of upper urinary tract obstruction.
Intervention Treatment of de novo malignant obstruction of the upper urinary tract: ureteric stent, percutaneous nephrostomy, urinary diversion procedure, ureteric reimplantation, no intervention Studies with datasets that did not separate outcome data by intervention
Comparator Not applicable
Outcomes Effect of intervention on renal function, survival, complications, inpatient length of hospital stay at presentation, readmission rates, quality of life, prognostic models Studies without survival outcome data
Study design Quantitative and qualitative observational and interventional studies Case studies, unpublished studies, letters, reviews, conference abstracts and case series with less than five patients.