TABLE 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Characteristic | Values from included studies |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | |
| Pre‐1990 | 12 (15%) |
| 1990–1999 | 18 (22%) |
| 2000–2009 | 15 (18%) |
| 2010–2022 | 37 (45%) |
| Location | |
| Asia | 37 (45%) |
| North America | 20 (24%) |
| Europe | 19 (23%) |
| Australasia | 3 (4%) |
| South America | 2 (2%) |
| Africa | 1 (1%) |
| Number of centres in study | |
| Single centre | 78 (95%) |
| Multicentre | 4 (5%) |
| Study type | |
| Retrospective: | 74 (90%) |
| Single cancer | 19 |
| Mixed | 55 |
| Prospective non‐randomised: | 6 (7%) |
| Single cancer | 4 |
| Mixed | 2 |
| Randomised controlled trials: | 2 (2%) |
| Single cancer | 1 |
| Mixed | 1 |
| Intervention studied | |
| PCN alone | 35 (43%) |
| Stent alone | 17 (21%) |
| Both PCN and stent | 19 (23%) |
| Urinary diversion and either stent or PCN or both | 6 (7%) |
| No intervention and PCN +/− stent | 5 (6%) |
| Primary outcome measure | |
| Survival | 58 (71%) |
| Stent patency | 22 (27%) |
| Complications | 2 (2%) |
Abbreviation: PCN, percutaneous nephrostomy.