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. 2024 May 13;81(1):215. doi: 10.1007/s00018-024-05245-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Treatment with sPIF ameliorates juvenile social behavior in Dp(16)1Yey pups. The results are presented as the mean time spent in the clean zone (CZ) and the nest zone (NZ) (A) and the time taken to enter in NZ (A) by WT pups (vehicle: n = 24; sPIF: n = 40) and Dp(16)1Yey pups (vehicle: n = 13; sPIF: n = 16). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD and were analyzed in a two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Due to a sex difference, locomotor activity was evaluated as the distance moved by males (vehicle-treated WT: n = 8; sPIF-treated WT: n = 19; vehicle-treated Dp(16)1Yey: n = 8; sPIF-treated Dp(16)1Yey: n = 9) (A) and females (vehicle-treated WT: n = 16; sPIF-treated WT: n = 21; vehicle-treated Dp(16)1Yey: n = 5; sPIF-treated Dp(16)1Yey: n = 7) separately (A). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD and were analyzed in a two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s least squares difference test. * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.005