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. 2024 May 13;15:4031. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48339-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Information about previous COVID-19 infection status was not available for all participants. Specifically, out of the 81,353 people who tested positive in the self-test antibody study, only 58,821 (72.3%) participated in the follow-up infection study and had a valid anti-N protein result. Of these, 10,783 (18.3%) tested positive for the anti-N protein and were excluded from the study. For the remaining 22,532 (27.6%) individuals who did not participate in the follow-up infection study, and thus had an undetermined prior infection status, we made an assumption that they were COVID-19 naïve and were included in the subsequent analyses. As a result, it is possible that about 5.0% (27.6% × 18.3%) of antibody-positive participants in the current cohort could result from the previous infection rather than the vaccination.