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. 2024 May 13;15:4035. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48294-1

Fig. 2. Formation of immuno-responsive hydrogels and optimized immuno response.

Fig. 2

a Schematic illustration of immuno-responsive hydrogel preparation. b Illustration of colorimetric assay and SEM images of nanopores in hydrogels before/after 1 ng/mL antigen stimuli. Scale bar: 500 nm. The experiments are repeated three times with similar results. c, d Tuning of AAm (c) and immobilized Ab (d) concentrations to optimize hydrogel’s immuno response, which is evaluated by colorimetric assay using the change of red parameter (ΔR). Error bars are displayed as mean ± σ (n = 3 independent experiments), tested in 1 ng/mL antigen. e Illustration of the colorimetric and wireless immunoassay in antigen spiked solution/aerosols. f Fitting curves of SARS-CoV-2 NP colorimetric assay in spiked solution (1 × PBS, pH = 7.4) and aerosols (generated from spiked solution, details in Methods) after 90 min incubation, respectively. Right panel shows the color of hydrogels incubated in varied concentration of SARS-CoV-2 NP. The dash lines mark the LoD, determined as the mean response plus 3 σ of NC (negative control). Signals above the LoD are considered distinguishable with >99% confidence. Error bars are displayed as mean ± σ (n = 3 independent experiments).