TABLE 1.
Studies conducted on the effect of different natural products on metabolic syndrome.
| Author | Country | Study type | Study aim | Sample size | Materials and methods | Results | Article’s quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbs | |||||||
| Nikaein et al. (2016) (Nikaein et al., 2016) | Iran | Clinical trial | The Effects of Satureja hortensis L. Dried Leaves on Metabolic Syndrome Patients | N = 47 | Daily intake 1 capsule (450 mg) for 10 weeks | Reducing in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hs-CRP as well as an elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) | High |
| Seong et al. (2021) (Seong et al., 2021) | Korea | Clinical trial | The effect of Korean red Panax ginseng on metabolic syndrome | N = 60 | Receiving KRG capsules (Korean red ginseng powder 100%, 6,000 mg/day) or placebo capsules (4,200 mg/day) for 8 weeks | Decreasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) | High |
| Klupp et al. (2016) (Klupp et al., 2016) | Australia | Clinical trial | The effect of Ganoderma lucidum on metabolic syndrome | N = 84 | Daily intake of 3 g for 16 weeks | No effect of Ganoderma on hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors | High |
| Amin et al. (2015) (Amin et al., 2015) | Pakistan | Clinical trial | The effect of simultaneous consumption of Curcuma longa and Nigella on metabolic syndrome | N = 250 | Using black seeds (1.5 g per day), turmeric (2.4 g per day), and their combination (900 mg of black seeds and 1.5 g of turmeric) in different groups for 8 weeks | Reducing waist circumference, lipid profile, BMI, cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and C-reactive protein | High |
| Belcaro et al. (2013) (Belcaro et al., 2013) | Italy | Clinical trial | The effect of green phytosome on metabolic syndrome | N = 100 | Use of 2 tablets (total equivalent of 300 mg per day) for 24 weeks | Improvement of weight, lipid profile and blood pressure | High |
| Devaraj et al. (2013) (Devaraj et al., 2013) | The U. S | Clinical trial | The effect of Aloe vera on people with metabolic syndrome | N = 45 | Daily intake of 2 capsules of 500 mg for 8 weeks | Reduction of LDL-C level, glucose and fructosamine, reduction of HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin | High |
| Najmi et al. (2013) (Najmi et al., 2013) | India | Clinical trial | Effect of herbal product Nigella sativa on metabolic syndrome | N = 90 | Receiving 500 mg/day capsule of Nigella sativa for 8 weeks | Antihypertensive, reducing LDL-c | High |
| Mansouri et al. (2012) (Mansouri et al., 2012) | Iran | Clinical trial | Effect of Anethum graveolens (dill) on metabolic syndrome | N = 24 | Receiving 600 mg per day for 3 months | Reducing triglyceride | High |
| Shah et al. (2012) (Shah et al., 2012) | Pakistan | Clinical trial | Effect of Nigella sativa on metabolic syndrome | N = 159 | Receiving 250 mg twice daily for 6 weeks | Beneficial effects in fasting blood sugar, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins, blood pressure, circumference of waist and serum triglyceride | Moderate |
| Mohtashami (2019) (Mohtashami, 2019) | Iran | Clinical trial | Effects of Bread with Nigella Sativa on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 51 | Receiving daily a bread with N. sativa for 2 months | No effect on FBG, BP, weight, WC, and BMI. | High |
| Basu et al. (2010) (Basu et al., 2010) | Oklahoma | Clinical trial | Effect of Green Tea Supplementation on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 35 | Receiving green tea (4 cups/d) or green tea extracts (2 capsules, 4 cups water/d) for 8 weeks | Reducing body weight, BMI, LDL-cholesterol and LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) | High |
| (Each cup of green tea provided approximately 110 mg of EGCG1/Each capsule provided approximately 230 mg EGCG) | |||||||
| Jain et al. (2017) (Gupta Jain et al., 2017) | India | Clinical trial | The effect of oral Cinnamomum zeylanicum on metabolic syndrome | N = 116 | Daily intake of cinnamon [6 capsules (3 g)] or wheat flour [6 capsules (2.5 g)] for 16 weeks | Reducing waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | High |
| Morovati et al. (2019) (Morovati et al., 2019) | Iran | Clinical trial | Effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil supplementation on metabolic syndrome | N = 56 | Receiving 75 mg CuEO or placebo soft gel thrice daily for 8 weeks | Reducing diastolic blood pressure | High |
| No effect on the others parameters | |||||||
| Ghitea et al. (2021) (Ghitea et al., 2021) | The U.S | Clinical Trials | The effect of Origanum vulgare L. on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 106 | Receiving 0.8 mL (2 drops) twice a day for 10 days | Antibacterial effect | High |
| Lopes Galeno et al. (2014) (Lopes et al., 2014) | Brazil | In vitro | The effect of extract from Eugenia punicifolia on Metabolic Syndrome | - | - | Antioxidant, reducing carbohydrate absorption rate | Moderate |
| Mopuri et al. (2018) (Mopuri et al., 2018) | India | In vitro | The effects of Ficus carica on metabolic syndrome | - | Using extract of Ficus carica | Antidiabetic and antiobesogenic | Moderate |
| Jakubczyk et al. (2021) (Jakubczyk et al., 2021) | Poland | In vitro | The Influence of Hypericum perforatum L. on Metabolic Syndrome | - | Preparation of cookies with the St. John’s wort (SJW) herb at 0.5 and 1 g/100 g | Higher content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant and anti-metabolic syndrome effects | Moderate |
| Kulabas et al. (2018) (Kulabas et al., 2018) | Turkey | In vitro | The effect of Lavandula stoechas on metabolic syndrome | - | Aqueous extract of Lavandula stoechas was extracted and analyzed | Preventing of insulin resistance and inflammation | Moderate |
| Cicolari et al. (2020) (Cicolari et al., 2020) | Italy | In vitro | The effect of Hydromethanolic Extracts from Adansonia digitata L. on Metabolic Syndrome | - | Using extracts of A. digitata L | Antihypertensive and antidyslipidemic | Moderate |
| Chae et al. (2022) (Chae et al., 2022) | The U.S | In vitro | Evaluate the Efficacy of Aquilaria sinensis Flower Extract against Metabolic Syndrome | - | Using extracts of Aquilaria sinensis Flower | Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia | Moderate |
| Dobhal et al. (2022) (Dobhal et al., 2022) | India | In vivo | The effect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on metabolic syndrome | N = 42 | Lemongrass ethanolic extract and aqueous extract were prepared and lemongrass oil were given to the animals for 42 days | Reducing body weight, BMI, and fasting blood sugar normalizing serum insulin, insulin resistance, leptin and lipid profile | Moderate |
| Mayer et al. (2019) (Mayer et al., 2019) | France | In vivo | Preventive Effects of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum Metabolic Syndrome | N = 18 | Receiving diet supplemented with 12% of freeze-dried microalga P. tricornutum | Decreasing Body weight, fat mass, inflammatory markers, insulinemia, Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols | Moderate |
| Jakovljevic et al. (2018) (Jakovljevic et al., 2018) | Serbia | In vivo | The effect of Aronia melanocarpa extract on metabolic syndrome in mice | N = 60 | Daily intake of 0.45 mL/kg extract for 4 weeks | Lowering blood pressure, improving heart function and glucose tolerance, reducing liver pathological changes and oxidative stress | Moderate |
| Preez et al. (2021) (du Preez et al., 2021) | Australia | In vivo | The effect of Nannochloropsis oceanica as a Microalgal Food Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 48 | Receiving a diet containing 5% N. oceanica for 8 weeks | Decreasing fat mass, source of essential amino acids and prebiotics | Moderate |
| Owis et al. (2017) (Owis et al., 2017) | Egypt | In vivo | The effect of Leaves of Cordia boissieri on metabolic syndrome | N = 100 | Receiving 5 mg/kg/day Cordia boissieri for 4 weeks | Improving insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, kidney function, lipid profiles, and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation | Moderate |
| Reshidan et al. (2019) (Reshidan et al., 2019) | Malysia | In vivo | The effect of Pandanus amaryllifolius extract on metabolic syndrome in rats | N = 30 | The administration of 10% plant leaf juice extract in the diets of rats within various groups over an 8-week period | Decreased BMI, fat cell size, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein | Moderate |
| Singh et al. (2017) (Singh et al., 2017) | Canada | In vivo | The alcohol extract of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on metabolic syndrome | - | Receiving 200 mg/kg/100 μL of NAGE daily | Balance between glucose and fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein secretion, and energy homeostasis | Moderate |
| Thomaz et al. (2022) (Thomaz et al., 2022) | Australia | In vivo | The effect of Wasabi (Eutrema japonicum) on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 48 | Intake 5% wasabi powder for 16 weeks | Reducing blood pressure, obesity, inflammation and lipid deposition | Moderate |
| Jamshidi et al. (2018) (Jamshidi et al., 2018) | Iran | In vivo | The effect of Wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica mutica) oil on metabolic syndrome | N = 72 | Intake hull and kernel oils of WP (2 mL/kg/day) for 10 weeks | Preventing hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, inflammation and pancreatic secretory disorders | High |
| Wang et al. (2020) (Wang et al., 2020) | Taiwan | In vivo | The effect Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Taiwanofungus camphoratus on Metabolic | N = 48 | Receiving different doses of CO and TC for 24 weeks | Improving abnormal blood glucose regulation and restore the balance of gut microbiota | Moderate |
| Syndrome | |||||||
| Vílchez et al. (2022) (Vílchez et al., 2022) | The United Kingdom | In vivo | The effect of GlucoMedix (Stevia rebaudiana and Uncaria tomentosa) on metabolic syndrome in rats | N = 40 | Different groups used doses of 250, 1,000 and 2000 mg for 28 days | Reduced hyperglycemia, reduced lipid profile and blood pressure | Moderate |
| Alauddin et al. (2016) (Alauddin et al., 2016) | Japan | In vivo | Effect of fermented rice bran on metabolic syndrome in rats | N = 12 | Use of 2 g/kg fermented and nonfermented rice bran in different groups | Lowering blood pressure, improving leptin disorder and increasing serum adiponectin levels, improving glucose tolerance and lipid profile | Moderate |
| Bhaswant et al. (2015) (Bhaswant et al., 2015) | Japan | In vivo | The effect of Green and Black Elettaria cardamomum on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 72 | Receiving diet supplemented with 3% green or black cardamom | Black cardamom attenuated the signs of metabolic syndrome while green cardamom exacerbated adiposity, decreased liver function and worsened cardiovascular structure and function | Moderate |
| Chul Kho et al. (2016) (Kho et al., 2016) | South Korea | In vivo | The effect of red ginseng and Fallopia multiflora on metabolic syndrome in rats | N = 50 | Daily intake of 100 and 300 mg by different groups for 8 weeks | Improving blood pressure, obesity, high lipid profile, vascular inflammation and insulin resistance | Moderate |
| Kuate et al. (2015) (Kuate et al., 2015) | Malysia | In vivo | The effect of Tetrapleura tetraptera spice on metabolic syndrome indicators | - | Using different oral doses of HET (200 and 400 mg/kg) in rats for 28 days | Anti-insulin, anti-lipid, anti-obesity, reduced blood pressure and anti-inflammatory effect | Moderate |
| Tan et al. (2011) (Tan et al., 2011) | China | In vivo | The effect of Chinese herbal extracts on metabolic syndrome | N = 36 | Intake of 4 g/kg for 4 weeks | Reduction of visceral fat, cholesterol and triglycerides | Moderate |
| Chen et al. (2011) (Chen et al., 2011) | The U.S | In vivo | Effects of Green Tea on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 118 | Receiving 10 cups of green tea (2 g tea leaves per cup) per day for 17 weeks | Reducing lipid absorption and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines | Moderate |
| Chen et al. (2021) (Chen et al., 2021) | China | In vivo | Effect of Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) blume extract on Metabolic Syndrome | - | Receiving 200 mg/kg/d for 16 weeks | Preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis | Moderate |
| Kasabri et al. (2014) (Kasabri et al., 2014) | Jordan | In vivo | Effect of Salvia officinalis on Metabolic Syndrome | - | 125, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2000 μg/mL | Antidiabesity | Low |
| Mayer et al. (2022) (Mayer et al., 2022) | France | In vivo | The effect of the Marine Microalga Diacronema lutheri on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 18 | Daily intake of 24 mg | Preventing of weight gain and improving in lipid and glucose homeostasis | Moderate |
| De Martin et al. (2018) (De Martin et al., 2018) | Italy | Experimental | The effect of two types of Phaeophyceae on metabolic syndrome | N = 50 | Daily administration of 3 capsules containing algae (237.5 mg Ascophyllum nodosum, 12.5 mg Fucus vesiculosus and 7.5 μg chromium) for 6 months | Reduction of waist circumference, glucose level, blood insulin | Moderate |
| Hermans et al. (2020) (Hermans et al., 2020) | Belgium | Observational | Effect of a Combination of Olive (Olea europea L.) Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 145 | Receiving 2 capsules/daily (each capsule contains 167 mg of Olea europea leaf dry extract and 53 mg of Olea europea L. fruit dry extract) | Reducing triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, hypertension and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) | High |
| Li et al. (2020) (Li et al., 2020) | China | In vivo | Effect of Eriobotrya japonica leaf on metabolic syndrome | - | Receiving 200 mg/kg for 12 weeks | Reducing body weight, relative liver weight, relative visceral adipose weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hepatic total cholesterol, and hepatic triglycerides | Moderate |
| Benkhaled et al. (2020) (Benkhaled et al., 2022) | Algeria | In vivo | effects of aqueous leaf extract of Limoniastrum guyonianum on metabolic syndrome | N = 42 | Receiving 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w./day for 9 weeks | Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and renoprotective | Moderate |
| Basu et al. (2013) (Basu et al., 2013) | The U. S | Clinical trial | The effect of green tea on metabolic syndrome | N = 35 | Daily intake of 4 cups of green tea or 2 capsules of green tea extract for 8 weeks | Antioxidant activity | High |
| Nagata et al. (2012) (Nagata et al., 2012) | Japan | Clinical trial | The effect of KBG2 on endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome | N = 92 | Use of 2 g of KBG, three times a day after meals for 4 weeks | Improving endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome factors | High |
| Gurrola-Di´az (2010) (Gurrola-Dlaz et al., 2010) | Mexico | Clinical trial | The effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on metabolic syndrome | N = 124 | Daily intake of 100 mg of plant extract for 1 month | Reducing glucose and total cholesterol levels, improving insulin resistance, reducing triglycerides, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia | Moderate |
| Verhoeven et al. (2015) (Verhoeven et al., 2015) | Belgium | Clinical trial | The effect of red yeast rice and Olea europaea (olive) extract on metabolic syndrome | N = 50 | Daily intake of a product containing 10.82 mg of monaculin and 9.32 mg of hydroxytyrosol, for 8 weeks | Lowering cholesterol (LDL) and blood pressure | High |
| Vitamins | |||||||
| Ferreira et al. (2020) (Ferreira et al., 2020) | Brazil | Clinical trial | The effect of vitamin D3 on metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women | N = 160 | Intake of 1,000 units of vitamin D3 per day for 9 months | Decrease in triglycerides and insulin resistance and reduction in the risk of hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia | High |
| Farag et al. (2019) (Farag et al., 2019) | Iraq | Clinical trial | The effect of vitamin C on metabolic syndrome | N = 120 | Daily intake of 500 mg for 12 weeks | Reduced BMI | High |
| Wenclewska et al. (2019) (Wenclewska et al., 2019) | Poland | Clinical trial | The effect of vitamin D on metabolic syndrome | N = 92 | Daily intake of 2000 units of vitamin D for 3 months | Reduced DNA damage, oxidative stress, and HbA1c | High |
| Ahmadi et al. (2014) (Ahmadi et al., 2014) | Iran | Clinical trial | The effects of vitamin E and omega-3 on metabolic syndrome | N = 90 | Daily intake of 400 units of vitamin E or 2.4 g of omega-3 for 8 weeks | Improving endothelial function using omega-3, lack of effect of vitamin E on endothelial function | High |
| Farag et al. (2018) (Farag et al., 2018) | Iran | Clinical trial | effects of vitamin D and vitamin C supplementations on metabolic syndrome | N = 180 | Receiving 500 mg/day vitamin C or 2000 IU/day vitamin D for 12 weeks | Improvements fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure, waist circumference, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein | High |
| Salekzamani et al. (2016) (Salekzamani et al., 2016) | Iran | Clinical trial | Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on metabolic syndrome | N = 80 | Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D weekly for 16 weeks | Decreasing triglyceride, but did not have any beneficial effects on other cardiometabolic risk factors | High |
| Salekzamani et al. (2017) (Salekzamani et al., 2017) | Iran | Clinical trial | Effect of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic syndrome | N = 80 | Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D weekly for 16 weeks | Improvement some proatherogenic inflammatory markers, but no changes of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and carotid intima media thickness | High |
| Erbas et al. (2014) (Erbaş et al., 2014) | Turkey | In vivo | The effect of vitamin D on metabolic syndrome | N = 24 | Intake of 0.3 μg/kg/day for 2 weeks | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities | Moderate |
| Bilbis et al. (2012) (Bilbis et al., 2012) | Nigeria | In vivo | The effect of vitamins A, C and E on the treatment of metabolic syndrome in mice | N = 30 | Daily intake of 100 mg/kg of vitamin C | Reducing blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and antioxidant activity | Moderate |
| 6 mg/kg vitamin A, 60 mg/kg vitamin E for 4 weeks | |||||||
| Mazur-Bialy & Poche´c (2016) (Mazur-Bialy and Pocheć, 2016) | Poland | In vivo | The effect of vitamin B2 on metabolic syndrome | - | Receiving 10.4–1,000 nM | Reducing the conditions associated with the mild inflammation linked to obesity | Moderate |
| Mostafa et al. (2016) (Mostafa et al., 2016) | Egypt | In vivo | The effect of vitamin D on metabolic syndrome | N = 50 | Receiving 6 ng/kg SC vitamin D daily for 8 weeks | Improve hypertension, metabolic and structural abnormalities | Moderate |
| Manning et al. (2013) (Manning et al., 2013) | Australia | Clinical trial | The effect of lipoic acid and vitamin E on metabolic syndrome | N = 151 | Receiving 100 IU/day vitamin E or 600 mg/day lipoic acid for 12 months | Reducing plasma NEFA3, But does not change insulin or glucose levels | High |
| Matsumoto et al. (2011) (Matsumoto et al., 2011) | Japan | In vivo | Effects of Zn(II) complex with vitamins C and U, and carnitine on metabolic syndrome | N = 30 | Receiving 40 mg zinc kg1 body weight over the period of 9–13 weeks | Reducing the visceral adipose tissues content and/or improvement in blood fluidity | Moderate |
| Minerals | |||||||
| Kelishadi et al. (2010) (Kelishadi et al., 2010) | Iran | Clinical trial | The effect of zinc on metabolic syndrome | N = 60 | Daily intake of 20 mg of zinc for 8 weeks | Reduction of total cholesterol and LDL, insulin resistance, and BMI | High |
| Dietary Supplements | |||||||
| Usui et al. (2013) (Usui et al., 2013) | Japan | Clinical trial | The effect of natural supplement of S-equol on metabolic syndrome | N = 54 | Daily intake of 10 mg of S-equol for 12 weeks | Reduction of HbA1c, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and CAVI4 score | High |
| McPherson et al. (2016) (McPherson et al., 2016) | Australia | In vivo | Effect of micronutrient supplementation on metabolic syndrome | N = 20 | Receiving a diet containing vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, lycopene, zinc, selenium and green tea extract for 17 weeks | Preventing early growth restriction, fat accumulation and dyslipidaemia | Low |
| Akrami et al. (2018) (Ak et al., 2018) | Iran | Clinical trial | effects of flaxseed (Inum usitatissimum) oil and sunflower seed oil on metabolic syndrome | N = 60 | Receiving 25 mL/d SO or 25 mL/d FO for 7 weeks | Reducing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, systolic and diastolic BP, weight, waist circumference | High |
| Sanchez-Rodriguez et al. (2018) (Sanchez-Rodriguez et al., 2018) | Spain | Clinical Trials | Effects of Virgin Olive Oils on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 58 | Daily intake 30 mL for 3 weeks | Improving high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) | High |
| Pedersen et al. (2010) (Pedersen et al., 2010) | Denmark | Clinical Trials | Effects of fish oil supplementation on metabolic syndrome | N = 78 | Receiving 1.5 g/day fish oil for 16 weeks | Improving blood pressure | High |
| Ruyvaran et al. (2022) (Ruyvaran et al., 2022) | Iran | Clinical Trials | The effect of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil on metabolic syndrome | N = 67 | Daily intake 8 gr Safflower oil for 12 weeks | Improving abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance | High |
| Nimrouzi et al. (2020) (Nimrouzi et al., 2020) | Iran | In vivo | The effect of Oil and extract of safflower seed on metabolic syndrome | N = 80 | Receiving different doses of oil and extract daily for 16 weeks | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | Moderate |
| Pilar et al. (2017) (Pilar et al., 2017) | Brazil | In vivo | The effect of Flaxseed Oil and Flaxseed Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 48 | Receiving 1 mL/kg body weight FO or 20 mg/kg body weight SDG for 30 days | Reducing oxidative stress | Moderate |
| Olid et al. (2023) (Olid et al., 2023) | Spain | In vivo | Effect of extra virgin olive oil compared to butter on metabolic syndrome | N = 35 | Receiving olive oil or butter for 12 weeks | Antimicrobial activity to keep blood pressure low | Moderate |
| Ram´rez-Higuera et al. (2019) (Ramírez-Higuera et al., 2020) | Mexico | In vivo | Sterculic Oil on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 24 | Receiving 0.06 g of SO emulsified with 3% Tween 20 in water for 8 weeks | Improvement blood pressure, insulin resistance, serum glucose and triglycerides, steatosis, and adiposity | Moderate |
| Shen et al. (2020) (Shen et al., 2020) | The U.S | In vivo | Effect of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed cold press oil on metabolic syndrome | N = 15 | Receiving 0.1% oil/50 gm body weight/day for 8 weeks | Reducing obesity, fasting hyperglycemia, hypertension, and induced markers of mitochondrial fusion and browning of white adipose | Moderate |
| Barrios-Ramos et al. (2012) (Barrios-Ramos et al., 2012) | Mexico | In vivo | Effect of cocoa, soy, oats and fish oil on metabolic syndrome | N = 96 | Receiving the mix of cocoa + soy + oats + fish oil for 14 weeks | Reducing levels of triglycerides, glucose, blood pressure and total cholesterol | Moderate |
| Mert et al. (2022) (Mert et al., 2022) | Turkey | In vivo | The effect of evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis) on metabolic syndrome | N = 40 | Daily Intake 0.1 mL primrose oil for 57 days | Reducing oxidative stress, increasing adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory, regulating dyslipidemia and systolic blood pressure | High |
| Padiya et al. (2011) (Padiya et al., 2011) | India | In vivo | Effect of Garlic on metabolic syndromes | N = 21 | Receiving 250 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks | Reducing serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and uric acid levels, insulin resistance | Moderate |
| Pérez-Torres et al. (2016) (Pérez-Torres et al., 2016) | Mexico | In vivo | The effect of garlic on metabolic syndrome in rats | N = 16 | Intake of 125 mg of extract every 12 h | Reducing cholesterol, improving heart function and reducing coronary artery resistance | Moderate |
| Hi and Endang (2020) (Hi and Endang, 2020) | Indonesia | Observational | The Effect of Black Seed Oil on metabolic syndrome | N = 62 | Intake BSO with a dose of 3 mL/day for 20 days | No significant difference in both groups test in the BMI, blood serum glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels | High |
| Al-Okbi et al. (2014) (Al-Okbi et al., 2014) | Egypt | In vivo | Effect of Clove Oil and Eugenol Microemulsions on Metabolic Syndrome | N = 30 | Receiving 40 mg CO/kg rat body weight, or 31 mg eugenol/kg rat body weight | Improvement on inflammatory fatty liver (steatohepatitis) and dyslipidemia | Moderate |
1
epiogallocatechin-3-gallate.
2
- keishibukuryogan (KBG; Guizhi-Fuling-Wan) (Dried herbal powder consisting of Amomi Cortex, Paeoniae Radix, Moutan Cortex, Persicae Semen and Hoelen mixed with honey.).
3
nonesterified fatty acid.
4
- Cardio-ankle vascular index.