Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to the status of frailty in CHARLS Waves 2011 (N, %).
| Variables | No- frailty (2321) | Frailty (310) | All participants (2631) | t/χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.57 ± 9.93 | 66.00 ± 10.82 | 61.21 ± 10.19 | −8.380 | <0.001 |
| Age groups (years) | |||||
| 45–54 | 687 (29.60) | 40 (12.90) | 727 (27.63) | 79.245 | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 865 (37.27) | 105 (33.87) | 970 (36.87) | ||
| 65–74 | 540 (23.27) | 91 (29.35) | 631 (23.98) | ||
| ≥75 | 229 (9.87) | 74 (23.87) | 303 (11.52) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 905 (38.99) | 88 (28.39) | 993 (37.74) | 13.089 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1,416 (61.01) | 222 (71.61) | 1,638 (62.26) | ||
| Educational level | |||||
| Illiterate | 770 (33.18) | 157 (50.65) | 927 (35.23) | 39.193 | <0.001 |
| Less than elementary school | 1,389 (59.84) | 144 (46.45) | 1,533 (58.27) | ||
| High school | 96 (4.14) | 6 (1.94) | 102 (3.88) | ||
| Above vocational school | 66 (2.84) | 3 (0.97) | 69 (2.62) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 1963 (84.58) | 244 (78.71) | 2,207 (83.88) | 6.961 | 0.008 |
| Married | 358 (15.42) | 66 (21.29) | 424 (16.12) | ||
| Current residence | |||||
| Rural | 2,128 (91.68) | 293 (94.52) | 2,421 (92.02) | 2.985 | 0.084 |
| Urban | 193 (8.32) | 17 (5.48) | 210 (7.98) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | |||||
| No | 1,686 (72.64) | 253 (81.61) | 1939 (73.70) | 12.458 | 0.002 |
| Less than once a month | 164 (7.07) | 19 (6.13) | 183 (6.96) | ||
| More than once a month | 471 (20.29) | 38 (12.26) | 509 (19.35) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||
| No | 1,534 (66.09) | 221 (71.29) | 1755 (66.70) | 5.351 | 0.069 |
| Former smoke | 206 (8.88) | 30 (9.68) | 236 (8.97) | ||
| Current smoke | 581 (25.03) | 59 (19.03) | 640 (24.33) | ||
| Taking activities | |||||
| No | 1,155 (49.76) | 187 (60.32) | 1,342 (51.01) | 12.202 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1,166 (50.24) | 123 (39.68) | 1,289 (48.99) | ||
| Physical exercise | |||||
| No physical exercise | 191 (8.23) | 127 (40.97) | 318 (12.09) | 280.613 | <0.001 |
| Less than regular physical exercise | 1,020 (43.95) | 106 (34.19) | 1,126 (42.80) | ||
| Regular physical exercise | 1,110 (47.82) | 77 (24.84) | 1,187 (45.12) | ||
| Chronic diseases (counts) | 1.70 ± 1.44 | 2.37 ± 1.76 | 1.78 ± 1.50 | −6.502 | <0.001 |
| Chronic diseases groups (counts) | |||||
| 0 | 520 (22.40) | 40 (12.90) | 560 (21.28) | 42.331 | <0.001 |
| 1–2 | 1,209 (52.09) | 139 (44.84) | 1,348 (51.24) | ||
| 3–14 | 592 (25.51) | 131 (42.26) | 723 (27.48) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.75 ± 4.02 | 23.25 ± 4.49 | 23.69 ± 4.08 | 1.850 | 0.065 |
| BADL disability | |||||
| No | 2,238 (96.42) | 231 (74.52) | 2,469 (93.84) | 227.154 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 83 (3.58) | 79(25.48) | 162 (6.16) | ||
| IADL disability | |||||
| No | 2027 (87.33) | 138 (44.52) | 2,165 (82.29) | 343.989 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 294 (12.67) | 172 (55.48) | 466 (17.71) | ||
| ADL disability | |||||
| No | 1980 (85.31) | 129 (41.61) | 2,109 (80.16) | 328.305 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 341 (14.69) | 181 (58.39) | 522 (19.84) | ||