Table 2.
Self-reported prior therapy experience, emotions, biometrics, and electroencephalography.
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|
Text-only | Digital human | P valuea | ||
| Therapy, n (%) | .47 | ||||
|
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Yes | 2 (10) | 4 (16) |
|
|
|
|
No | 18 (90) | 20 (80) |
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|
|
|
Do not remember | 0 | 1 (4) |
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|
| “Have you talked to a chatbot about mental health before?”, n (%) | .84 | ||||
|
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Yes | 1 (5) | 1 (4) |
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|
|
|
No | 19 (95) | 24 (96) |
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|
|
|
Do not remember | 0 | 0 |
|
|
| GAD-7b score, mean (SD)a | 2.3 (2.5) | 2.8 (2.6) | .56 | ||
| Positivity toward chatbot, mean (SD)c | 7.1 (2.1) | 7.5 (2.1) | .69 | ||
| “Do you feel closeness to BETSYd?”, n (%) | .46 | ||||
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|
Yes | 7 (35) | 11 (45.8) |
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|
|
|
No | 13 (65) | 13 (54.2) |
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|
| “Did you feel relaxed?”, n (%) | .23 | ||||
|
|
Yes or sometimes | 17 (89.5) | 17 (73.9) |
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|
|
|
No | 2 (10.5) | 6 (26.1) |
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|
| “Did you feel nervous?”, n (%) | .02 | ||||
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Yes or sometimes | 0 | 6 (26.1) |
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|
|
|
No | 19 (100) | 17 (73.9) |
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|
| “Did you feel sad?”, n (%) | .1 | ||||
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Yes or sometimes | 0 | 3 (13.0) |
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|
|
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No | 19 (100) | 20 (87.0) |
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| “Did you feel annoyance?”, n (%) | .8 | ||||
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Yes or sometimes | 9 (47.4) | 10 (43.5) |
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|
|
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No | 10 (52.6) | 13 (56.5) |
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|
| VAS-We presession, mean (SD)f | 8.8 (1.32) | 8.4 (1.41) | .33 | ||
| VAS-W postsession, mean (SD)f | 8.8 (1.23) | 8.3 (1.27) | .14 | ||
| Pulse presession, mean (SD) | 72.2 (10.7) | 71.6 (10.9) | .77 | ||
| Pulse postsession, mean (SD) | 68.5 (8.8) | 70.2 (11.1) | .58 | ||
| Average δ wave activity, mean (SD) | 114 (30) | 97 (25) | .06 | ||
| Average θ wave activity, mean (SD) | 86 (23) | 74 (21) | .08 | ||
| Average α wave activity, mean (SD) | 97 (27) | 82 (24) | .03 | ||
| Average β wave activity, mean (SD) | 81 (17) | 76 (20) | .34 | ||
| Average γ wave activity, mean (SD) | 65 (15) | 66 (21) | .98 | ||
| SUS-10g, mean (SD) | 74.82 (10) | 64.80 (14) | .01 | ||
| SUISQ-MRh, mean (range) | N/Ai | 4.92 (2.83-6.75) | N/A | ||
aPearson χ2 test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables.
bGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.
cParticipants were asked to what extent they felt positive about talking to BETSY about mental health with scores ranging from 1 (not positive at all) to 10 (very positive).
dBETSY: Behavior, Emotion, Therapy System, and You.
eVAS-W: Visual Analogue Scale for Well-Being.
fRange from 1 (not feeling well at all) to 10 (feeling very good).
gSUS-10: System Usability Scale.
hSUISQ-MR: Standardized Questionnaires for Voice Interaction Design Short Version.
iN/A: not applicable.