Table S2.
Multilevel ordered logistic regression models reporting coefficients and standard errors for loneliness regressed on context and the pandemic.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | 95% CI | β (SE) | 95% CI | β (SE) | 95% CI | |
| EMA-level | ||||||
| COVID-19 | 0.30 (0.07) |
[0.17,0.43] | ||||
| Location (ref: home) | ||||||
| At home | 0.56 (0.08) |
[0.41,0.71] | ||||
| Who with (ref: alone) | ||||||
| Alone | 0.86 (0.08) |
[0.70,1.01] | ||||
| Health status (ref: excellent/very good) | ||||||
| Good | −0.23 (0.11) |
[-0.45,-0.01] | −0.27 (0.11) |
[-0.49,-0.05] | −0.28 (0.11) |
[-0.50,-0.06] |
| Fair/poor | −0.83 (0.18) |
[-1.19,-0.47] | −0.85 (0.18) |
[-1.20,-0.50] | −0.82 (0.18) |
[-1.17,-0.47] |
| Marital status (ref: married/partnered) | ||||||
| Separated/divorced | 1.17 (0.34) |
[0.50,1.84] | 0.93 (0.34) |
[0.27,1.60] | 1.03 (0.34) |
[0.27,1.69] |
| Widowed | 1.71 (0.31) |
[1.12,2.31] | 1.58 (0.30) |
[0.99,2.16] | 1.37 (0.30) |
[0.78,1.95] |
| Never married | 0.49 (0.29) |
[-0.09,1.07] | 0.13 (0.29) |
[-0.43,0.70] | 0.37 (0.29) |
[-0.19,0.93] |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed (any) | 0.08 (0.13) |
[-0.18,0.33] | 0.11 (0.13) |
[-0.13,0.36] | 0.18 (0.13) |
[-0.07,0.42] |
| Respondent-level | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | −0.73 (0.49) |
[-1.69,0.22] | −0.76 (0.50) |
[-1.73,0.21] | −0.60 (0.49) |
[-1.50,0.35] |
| Race and ethnicity (ref: N–H White) | ||||||
| N–H Black | −0.24 (0.58) |
[-1.38,0.90] | −0.20 (0.60) |
[-1.37,0.96] | −0.18 (0.59) |
[-1.33,0.97] |
| N–B Hispanic | −0.10 (0.78) |
[-1.64,1.43] | −0.12 (0.80) |
[-1.69,1.45] | −0.01 (0.79) |
[-1.52,1.57] |
| Education (ref: some HS) | ||||||
| High school | −0.64 (0.81) |
[-2.23,0.94] | −0.63 (0.82) |
[-2.24,0.98] | −0.76 (0.81) |
[-2.35,0.83] |
| Some college | 0.31 (0.74) |
[-1.14,1.76] | 0.38 (0.75) |
[-1.10,1.86] | 0.09 (0.74) |
[-1.37,1.54] |
| College + | −0.24 (0.80) |
[-1.82,1.33] | −0.24 (0.81) |
[-1.85,1.36] | −0.42 (0.81) |
[-2.01,1.16] |
| Age at baseline | 0.00 (0.04) |
[-0.08,0.08] | 0.00 (0.04) |
[-0.09,0.08] | 0.00 (0.04) |
[-0.08,0.08] |
| Previous loneliness report | 1.21 (0.05) |
[1.11,1.32] | 1.22 (0.05) |
[1.12,1.32] | 1.23 (0.05) |
[1.13,1.34] |
| Cut point 1 | 4.72 | [-1.64,11.08] | 4.65 | [-1.84,11.13] | 4.90 | [-1.47,11.28] |
| Cut point 2 | 7.45 | [1.09,13.81] | 7.39 | [9.91,13.88] | 7.68 | [1.30,14.06] |
| Cut point 3 | 10.03 | [3.66,16.39] | 9.97 | [3.48,16.45] | 10.26 | [3.88,16.65] |
| Variance components | ||||||
| Respondent-level variance | 5.80 1.10 |
[3.62,7.98] | 6.21 1.19 |
[3.87,8.54] | 5.88 1.12 |
[3.68,8.07] |
| Additional information | ||||||
| Log likelihood | −4406.2 | −4388.3 | −4343.4 | |||
| R2 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.53 | |||
| Number of EMA observations | 13330 | 13330 | 13330 | |||
| Number of respondents | 110 | 110 | 110 | |||
Note: Standard errors are presented below estimates, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to the right. Measures of loneliness are coded so that higher values represent greater loneliness.