Fig. 1.

A sEVs biogenesis, release, and interaction with the target cell. EVs are created through a double inward budding of the plasma membrane. The initial budding results in the generation of an early sorting endosome, which embeds extracellular milieu and cell surface proteins. Subsequently, a second budding occurs within the late endosome, leading to the generation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). The multivesicular body (MVB) has two pathways it can follow: it can merge with the plasma membrane, leading to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding space, or it can combine with the lysosome to degrade its contents. Upon release into the extracellular space, EVs possess the capacity to impact the functionality of their target cells through direct ligand-receptor binding, fusion, or endocytosis. B EV cargoes and components. EVs facilitate the transfer of diverse molecules, including DNAs, mRNAs, ncRNAs, proteins, and lipids [5, 7]. The figure was designed using graphical elements from Servier Medical Art, made available by Servier under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)