Figure 1.

Capabilities of bioprinting to build different features of the heart. Bioprinting has enabled the (A) spatial patterning of cells like endothelial cells (red) within a cardiomyocyte structure (pink).²⁷ (B) Vasculature has been created using light-based bioprinting and subsequently endothelialized (red), forming perfusable channels within hepatocyte aggregates (green).²⁸ (C) Creation of functional acellular components has been accomplished, including trileaflet heart valves that open and close under physiologically relevant flows and pressures.⁵ (D) Reconstruction of microscale structural features, like myocardial alignment, has been accomplished utilizing shear stress through the needle during extrusion-based bioprinting.²⁹