Table 1.
Current state of biomarkers for prion diseases.
| Biomarker | At risk biomarker | diagnostic marker (clinical disease) |
prognostic marker (disease progression) |
dynamic marker (disease stage/activity) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemical markers | ||||
| PrPSc CSF | + | + | ? | ? |
| PrPSc peripheral fluids | + | + | ? | ? |
| 14-3-3 CSF | - | + | - | + |
| Tau CSF | - | + | + | + |
| Tau Plasma | - | + | + | + |
| NfL CSF | - | (+) | (+) | (+) |
| NfL plasma | - | (+) | (+) | (+) |
| Other | ||||
| PSWCs in EEG | - | + | - | + |
| high signal in MRI in FLAIR and/or DWI | (+) | + | -* | (+) |
‘+’: Association and/or applicability was shown in significant studies; “-“: Association was not shown in significant studies; ?: no significant data available; ‘()’: In brackets when data is ambiguous or only based on case reports.
*In combination with analysis of the Codon 129 PRNP genotype, MRI lesion patterns may contribute to an antemortem disease subtyping and by this, function as a prognostic marker.