Fig. 2. (a and b) ToF analysis data of perovskite films prepared from different solvent additive concentrations: (a) extracted transit times for electrons from ToF analysis; (b) extracted transit times for holes from ToF; (c and d) time-resolved microwave conductance (TRMC) traces recorded with an incident intensity of 2.3 × 10¹⁰ photons cm⁻² with a 10 Hz repetition rate (λ = 650) for MAPbI₃ with the (002) facet (c) and (200) facet (d) on quartz (red) and planar TiO₂ (black).