Table 5.
Causes of exudative pleural effusion
| Infections | Connective tissue disease-related | |
|---|---|---|
| Bacterial pneumonia Tuberculosis Parasitic or fungal infections Viral pneumonia Nocardia Other sources of infections like liver abscesses, subphrenic abscesses |
Systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid pleural effusion Vasculitis – GPA * and EGPA ** |
|
|
| ||
| Malignancy related | Endocrine related | |
|
| ||
| Carcinoma Lymphoma Mesothelioma Paramalignant effusion |
Hypothyroidism Ovarian hyperstimulation |
|
|
| ||
| Trauma or instrumentation | Gastrointestinal causes | |
|
| ||
| Central venous access misplaced in pleura Oesophageal perforation Hemothorax Chylothorax |
Ascites due to any cause Pancreatitis Abdominal source of sepsis |
|
|
| ||
| Miscellaneous | ||
|
| ||
| Pulmonary embolism Radiation Meigs’s syndrome Uremic pleural effusion Post cardiac injury (Dressler’s) syndrome Asbestos-related pleural effusion IgG4-related pleural effusion |
||
|
| ||
| *GAA Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis *EGPA Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis | ||