FIGURE 5.

Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)⁺CD68⁺ macrophage infiltration is associated with human leukocyte antigen‐II (HLA‐II) upregulation in glioblastoma (GBM). (A) Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images indicate the expression of HLA‐ II, TNF‐α, and CD68 in the same field in paraffin‐embedded GBM samples. (B, C) Expression of TNF‐α and the CD68⁺ macrophage infiltration were compared between GBM and control specimens (p < 0.05). (D) Based on the IHC staining in paraffin‐embedded GBM samples, the correlation between CD68⁺ macrophage infiltration and TNF‐α expression is shown (n = 51). (E–G) Correlation between TNF‐α expression and HLA‐II expression (n = 51). (H–J) Correlation between CD68⁺ macrophage infiltration and HLA‐II expression (n = 51). (K) Immunofluorescence staining shows that TNF‐α and CD68 is colocalized in the tumor stroma, which is associated with HLA‐DP and HLA‐DQ expression in the same field. White arrows indicate colocalized cells. (L, M) Based on immunofluorescence staining of TNF‐α and CD68, the correlation between the number of infiltrated TNF‐α⁺CD68⁺ cells and HLA‐II expression is shown (n = 30).