FIGURE 7.

Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment upregulated human leukocyte antigen‐II (HLA‐II) expression in glioblastoma (GBM) cells through tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). HLA‐II interacted with lymphocyte‐activation gene 3 (LAG‐3) confers an immunosuppressive environment in GBM. Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) could be a strong factor that promotes HLA‐II–LAG‐3‐induced CD4⁺ T cell exhaustion in GBM, leading to poor prognosis. PD‐1, programmed cell death protein 1; TIM‐3, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain‐3.