Table 1.
Sample size (n)d | Quit intentions |
Quit attempts |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI)e | p value from bivariate chi-square testf | aPR (95% CI) from multivariable modelg | % (95% CI) | p value from bivariate chi-square testf | aPR (95% CI) from multivariable modelg | ||
Overall | 2,187 | 62.5% (59.4–65.6) | – | – | 65.4% (62.8–68.0) | – | – |
Sex | |||||||
Female | 1,073 | 62.2% (57.4–66.7) | .81 | 1.00 (ref) | 65.8% (61.8–69.6) | .78 | 1.00 (ref) |
Male | 1,111 | 62.9% (59.1–66.5) | 1.06 (.98–1.16) | 65.0% | (61.2–68.6) | 1.02 (.94–1.11) | |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 1,215 | 62.3% (59.2–65.3) | .74 | 1.00 (ref) | 62.1% (58.6–65.6) | .04 | 1.00 (ref) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 182 | 64.6% (56.0–72.4) | 1.06 (.94–1.20) | 71.5% (60.7–80.2) | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | ||
Hispanic | 680 | 64.9% (56.9–70.4) | 1.06 (.94–1.20) | 69.3% (65.5–72.8) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | ||
Other, non-Hispanic | 87 | 56.4% (42.1–69.7) | .93 (.73–1.18) | 71.5% (59.0–81.4) | 1.18 (.99–1.39) | ||
School type | |||||||
Middle school | 464 | 61.8% (55.0–68.1) | .81 | 1.00 (ref) | 70.7% (64.8–76.0) | .04 | 1.00 (ref) |
High school | 1,716 | 62.6% (59.2–66.0) | .97 (.85–1.11) | 64.3% (61.5–67.0) | .95 (.86–1.05) | ||
Nicotine dependencyh | |||||||
No | 1,347 | 62.5% (58.7–66.2) | .98 | 1.00 (ref) | 60.8% (57.0–64.5) | <.001 | 1.00 (ref) |
Yes | 818 | 62.5% (57.8–66.9) | 1.04 (.95–1.13) | 72.2% (68.1–76.0) | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | ||
Any household tobacco usei | |||||||
No | 871 | 61.2% (56.5–65.7) | .51 | 1.00 (ref) | 61.2% (57.4–64.9) | .005 | 1.00 (ref) |
Yes | 1,164 | 63.0% (58.8–67.0) | 1.06 (.97–1.16) | 68.2% (64.9–71.2) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | ||
Exposure to ads or promotions to any tobacco productj | |||||||
Not Exposed | 291 | 64.6% (57.2–71.5) | .64 | 1.0 (ref) | 62.7% (52.5–71.9) | .52 | 1.00 (ref) |
Exposed | 1,798 | 62.5% (58.9–66.1) | .93 (.81–1.07) | 66.0% (63.4–68.5) | 1.02 (.87–1.19) | ||
Flavored tobacco product use (any product)k | |||||||
No | 338 | 57.7% (49.8–65.2) | .35 | 1.00 (ref) | 61.6% (54.9–67.9) | .55 | 1.00 (ref) |
Yes | 1,726 | 63.5% (59.9–67.0) | 1.13 (.94–1.36) | 66.1% (62.7–69.4) | 1.05 (.91–1.22) | ||
Don’t know | 123 | 62.2% (50.8–72.5) | 1.00 (.73–1.38) | 66.5% (54.3–76.8) | 1.04 (.85–1.27) | ||
Use of ≥2 tobacco productsl | |||||||
No | 1,423 | 66.1% (63.0–69.1) | .008 | 1.00 (ref) | 65.2% (61.8–68.5) | .84 | 1.00 (ref) |
Yes | 764 | 56.4% (50.4–62.3) | .85 (.76–.96) | 65.8% (61.1–70.2) | .95 (.86–1.05) | ||
Agree with statement, all tobacco products are dangerousm | |||||||
Strongly agree | 513 | 71.7% (66.5–76.4) | <.001 | 1.00 (ref) | 69.9% (63.9–75.4) | .10 | 1.00 (ref) |
Agree | 968 | 66.0% (61.3–70.4) | .92 (.82–1.03) | 65.1% (61.6–68.5) | .92 (.84–1.01) | ||
Disagree | 392 | 52.9% (45.8–59.9) | .73 (.62–.86) | 61.9% (56.9–66.7) | .84 (.74–.95) | ||
Strongly disagree | 181 | 41.5% (32.0–51.6) | .60 (.46–.78) | 59.5% (50.2–68.1) | .80 (.68–.96) |
Based on the question, “Are you seriously thinking about quitting the use of all tobacco products?” Responses of “Yes, during the next 30 days,” “Yes, during the next 6 months,” “Yes, during the next 12 months,” and “Yes, but not during the next 12 months” were indicative of having quit intentions. The response, “No, I am not thinking about quitting the use of all tobacco products” was indicative of not having quit intentions. n = 177 respondents are missing data on this outcome and are excluded from the analysis.
Based on the question, “During the past 12 months, how many times have you stopped using all tobacco products for 1 day or longer because you were trying to quit tobacco products for good?” Responses other than “I did not try to quit all tobacco products during the past 12 months” were indicative of having made one or more quit attempts. n = 193 respondents are missing data on this outcome and are excluded from the analysis.
Defined as the use of any product (e-cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco (including chewing tobacco/snuff/dip, snus, or dissolvable tobacco products), hookah, pipe tobacco, or bidis) on at least 1 day during the past 30 days.
Unweighted sample size is based on self-report of use of any tobacco product (e-cigarettes; cigarettes; cigars/cigarillos/little cigars; smokeless tobacco [chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip, snus, or dissolvable tobacco product]; hookah; pipe tobacco; or bidis). For covariates, may not add to total (n = 2,187) owing to missing data.
Percentages (and 95% Confidence Interval [CI]) are based on weighted data.
Based on chi-square test to assess bivariate association between cessation outcomes and each covariate (p < .05 considered statistically significant [bolded]).
Adjusted multivariable binary logistic regression with predictive marginal proportions assessed socio-demographic determinants of reporting quit intention and quit attempts; model-adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were derived from predicted marginals and are adjusted for all covariates in the table. Bolded numbers denote statistically significant results (p < .05).
Nicotine Dependency is based on responses to two questions: (1) “How soon after you wake do you want to use a tobacco product?” and (2) “During the past 30 days, have you had a strong craving or felt like you really needed to use a tobacco product of any kind?”. Respondents were categorized as “yes” if they indicated wanting to use a tobacco product within 30 minutes after waking OR if they indicate they had a strong craving or felt like they really needed to use a tobacco product during the past 30 days. Respondents missing data on both measures were excluded from the analysis.
Assessed by the question, “Does anyone who lives with you now.?” Response options of “smoke cigarettes,” “smoke cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars,” “use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip,” “use e-cigarettes,” “smoke tobacco in a hookah or water pipe,” “smoke pipes filled with tobacco (not hookah or water pipes),” “use snus,” “use dissolvable tobacco products,” “smoke bidis (small brown cigarettes wrapped in a leaf),” or “use heated tobacco products” were coded as “yes.” The response, “No one who lives with me now uses any form of tobacco” was coded as no.
Exposure to tobacco product marketing (advertisements or promotions) were assessed for four sources: retail stores; Internet; television, streaming sources, or movies; and newspapers or magazines. Exposure was assessed separately for e-cigarettes and cigarettes or other tobacco products. Participants were asked, “When you (are using the Internet; read newspapers or magazines; go to a convenience store, supermarket, or gas station; watch television or streaming services [such as Netflix, Hulu, or Amazon Prime], or go to the movies), how often do you see ads or promotions for (e-cigarettes; cigarettes or other tobacco products)?” Respondents were categorized as exposed if they responded “sometimes,” “most of the time,” or “always” or unexposed if they responded “never” or “rarely.” Persons who reported “I never go to a convenience stores, supermarket, or gas station,” “I do not use the Internet,” “I do not watch TV or streaming services or go to the movies,” or “I do not read newspapers or magazines” were set to missing. Respondents who indicated they had been exposed to e-cigarette OR cigarette and other tobacco product marketing were categorized as exposed.
Respondents who reported having used each respective tobacco product were asked, “Were any of the [e-cigarettes; cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars; chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip; tobacco in a hookah or water pipe; pipe tobacco (not water pipe); snus; dissolvable tobacco products; bidis; roll-your-own tobacco; heated tobacco products] that you used in the past 30 days flavored to taste like menthol, mint, clove or spice, alcohol (wine, cognac), candy, fruit, chocolate, or any other flavor? For cigarettes, flavored (menthol) smoking was determined from a response of “yes” to the question, “During the past 30 days, were the cigarettes that you usually smoked menthol?” and/or indicating that the usual brand smoked during the past 30 days was either Newport or Kool. Respondents who indicated they had used at least one flavored tobacco product were categorized as flavored tobacco product use.
Respondents who indicated using more than one tobacco product (e-cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos/little cigars; smokeless tobacco [chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip, snus, or dissolvable tobacco product]; hookah, pipe tobacco or bidis) on at least 1 day during the past 30 days were categorized as using ≥2 tobacco products product users.
Assessed by the question, “How strongly do you agree with the statement ‘All tobacco products are dangerous’?”