Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Control | Positive incentive | Loss aversion | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 37 | 39 | 41 |
| Maternal age, years | 31 (0.92) | 30 (0.79) | 32 (0.93) |
| Self-reported Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | 28 (76%) | 26 (67%) | 30 (73%) |
| Black | 4 (11%) | 7 (18%) | 7 (17%) |
| Hispanic/Latina | 4 (11%) | 3 (8%) | 3 (7%) |
| Asian | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (2%) |
| Multiracial | 1 (3%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Medicaid | 21 (57%) | 22 (56%) | 22 (54%) |
| Nulliparous | 11 (30%) | 12 (31%) | 15 (37%) |
| Diabetes type: | |||
| Type 1 diabetes | 10 (27%) | 9 (23%) | 10 (24%) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 21 (57%) | 25 (64%) | 24 (59%) |
| Gestational diabetes, A2 | 6 (16%) | 5 (13%) | 7 (17%) |
| Gestational age at enrollment (weeks) | 15 (1.08) | 18 (1.16) | 16 (1.36) |
| Medication: | |||
| Insulin | 35 (95%) | 35 (90%) | 34 (83%) |
| Insulin and metformin | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (5%) |
| Insulin (U500) | 2 (5%) | 2 (5%) | 5 (12%) |
| BMI kg/m 2 | 36 (1.37) | 39 (1.36) | 37 (1.25) |
| Chronic hypertension | 17 (46%) | 16 (41%) | 17 (42%) |
| Depression | 11 (30%) | 15 (39%) | 17 (43%) a |
| HbA1c at first prenatal visit | 7.6 (0.33) a | 7.8 (0.32) a | 7.2 (0.27) |
Note: Data are expressed as mean (SE) or n (%).
a
Missing data for one participant.