Table 2.
Preparation method of bone infection repair scaffold
| Fabrication methods | Materials | Processing methods | pore size | mechanical strength | Culture cell | Type of bone repair | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fused deposition Modeling (FDM) | PEEK | BP-NS coating, photothermal effect | 200 μm, 500 μm, 800 μm | 745.4 MPa, 328.6 MPa and 247.9 MPa | S. aureus, E. coli, MG-63 cells and UMR-106 cells | Bone defect | 133 |
| Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) | PLLA/BG | Drug loading | 450 ~ 500 μm large pore and 10 ~ 90 μm micropores | / | BMSCs | Bone defect | 134 |
| Digital Light Processing (DLP) | GelMA/HAp | Cross-links | 5.85 mm and 50 nm | 681.06 kPa and 904 kPa | MC3T3-E1 cell | Bone defect | 135 |
| Electrostatic spinning | Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/poly (vinyl alcohol) P34HB/PVA | Cell loading | Mean fiber diam-eters were 0.23 mm, 1.33 mm and 2.16 mm | Young’s modulus was 32.70 ± 6.88 MPa, the tensile strength was 2.93 ± 0.13 MPa and the UTS was 0.25 ± 0.15 MPa. | hBMSCs | / | 136 |
| Freeze drying | nHA/Collagen | Cross-links | 14.3–48.7 μm(28.8 ± 7.8) and 13.9-39.7 μm(26.1 ± 5.2) | / | / | Osteoporosis bone defect | 137 |
| Gas foaming | Poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC)/ starch/ bioglass | / | 100 ~ 500 μm | 38.5 ± 1.9 MPa(50 bar), 19.24 ± 0.36 MPa(75 bar), 19.24 ± 0.36 MPa(75 bar) | Primary human dermal fibroblasts | Bone defect | 138 |
| Hot sintering | nHA, PHB, PCL | Single emulsion (o/w) technique prepare microspheres | 34.34 nm | / | MG63 cells | Segmental bone defect | 139 |
| Solvent casting/Particulate leaching | PCL/HAp | / | (87.2 ± 1.7)% porosity | 0.52 ± 0.12 Mpa | MG63 cells | Bone defect | 140 |
| Low temperature injection | PLGA/PLA/HA/CS | Nano-spray-drying technique | / | / | / | Bone infection | 141 |
| 3D printing | VAN/PLGA/β-TCP | Electrostatic and physical crosslinking | 102 μm | 6 MPa | BMSCs | Infectious bone defect | 142 |
| 3D printing | GelMA/PLA/PEG/PLA | Cross-links | 500 μm | 4.7 ± 1.90 kPa, 4.5 ± 1.84 kPa, 4.0 ± 1.39 kPa, 4.2 ± 2.09 kPa, 4.0 ± 1.71 kPa, 3.4 ± 1.55 kPa | BMSCs | large segmental bone defect | 143 |
| 3D printing | PDA | Cross-links | / | ≈4 MPa | MC3T3‐E1 cells | Osteoporosis bone defect | 144 |
| 3D printing | Alg/GOx/CaP@CAT | Cross-links | ≈800 μm | / | rBMSCs,HUVECs, and RAW 264.7 macrophages | Diabetic Bone Regeneration | 145 |
| 4D printing | TCP/P(DLLA-TMC) | Photothermal effect | 360 ± 40 µm | 2.2 ± 0.2 to 2.4 ± 0.2 MPa (20°C), 1.5 ± 0.2 MPa(37°C), 0.4 ± 0.05 MPa(45°C) | BMSCs | Critical size bone defect | 146 |
| 4D printing | nHA/SMPU | Cross-links | / | / | Primary fibroblasts | Cartilage defect | 147 |