Fig. 3.

Convergence of cell signaling pathways to mitochondria. This figure delineates the integration of diverse cell signaling pathways converging on mitochondria, illustrating their central role in cellular homeostasis and stress responses. Highlighted pathways include calcium homeostasis, crucial for mitochondrial function and energy production; energy and nutrient sensing through AMPK and mTOR signaling; the innate immune response mediated by cGAS-STING, inflammasomes, and TLR9 endosomal pathways; apoptosis regulation; the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a key element of mitochondrial stress response; and the induction of cellular senescence. Together, these pathways underscore the mitochondria’s pivotal role in orchestrating cellular adaptation and survival mechanisms