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. 2024 May 1;12:1391841. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1391841

Table 3.

Loneliness measure by year, meal, and location of home.

Meal Year Urban Suburb Rural
Home-delivered meals 2019 5.07(37.0%) 4.76(33.8%) 5.12(40.2%)
2021 4.99
(36.6%)
5.17
(41.4%)
4.87
(30.7%)
Congregate meals 2019 4.05
(16.0%)
4.03
(15.1%)
3.98
(17.2%)
2021 4.02
(13.4%)
4.99
(32.8%)
4.53
(26.9%)
Total 4.53
(25.8%)
4.74
(30.8%)
4.63
(28.8%)

UCLA scores range from 3 to 9 with higher numbers indicating higher levels of loneliness. Percent identifying as lonely are in parentheses.