Fig. 1.

Workflow of the study. Firstly, the collected DCE-MR images were preprocessed by normalization and discretization. Radiomic features were extracted from multiple phases of DCE-MRI, while dynamic features were extracted from radiomic feature series. Feature selection, model development, and model validation were then conducted separately for radiomic model and dynamic model. Subsequently, combined models were developed by integrating radiomic, dynamic, and clinical information and their performance were evaluated. In addition, radiogenomic analysis was performed on dynamic model to investigate potential biological mechanisms