Table 3.
Multilevel models with associations of GP visits with preventive care services (adjusted OR and 95% confidence interval for covariates)
| Cardiometabolic screening aOR (95% CI) n: 162,878 |
Influenza vaccination in individuals under 65 yo with comorbidities aOR (95% CI) n: 39,946 |
Influenza vaccination in individuals over 65 yo aOR (95% CI) n: 35,784 |
Colorectal screening aOR (95% CI) n: 111,984 |
Mammography aOR (95% CI) n: 94,364 |
Pap smear test aOR (95% CI) n:175,623 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sex (reference male) |
1.17 (1.12–1.22) | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | 0.89 (0.87–0.92) | ||
| Use of health care services | ||||||
| GP visit* | 7.78 (7.43–8.15) | 1.95 (1.81–2.10) | 1.49 (1.34–1.65) | 1.87 (1.80–1.95) | 1.76 (1.69–1.83) | 1.89 (1.85–1.94) |
|
Household income (reference Low) |
||||||
| Middle | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.11 (1.06–1.15) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
| High | 1.57 (1.50–1.65) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | 1.22 (1.18–1.26) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95-1.00) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Healthy diet | 1.24 (1.19–1.30) | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) | 1.26 (1.18–1.34) | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | 1.81 (1.75–1.87) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
| Tobacco | 0.76 (0.73–0.80) | 0.68 (0.63–0.73) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.72 (0.70–0.75) | 0.68 (0.66–0.71) | 0.68 (0.67–0.70) |
| Self-perceived health (reference very good and good) | ||||||
| Fair | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | 1.32 (1.24–1.39) | 1.40 (1.31–1.50) | 1.47(1.42–1.52) | 1.15 (1.12–1.19) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) |
| Bad and very bad | 1.55 (1.41–1.71) | 1.38 (1.27–1.51) | 1.63 (1.48–1.78) | 1.84 (1.75–1.94) | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) | 0.99 (0.94 − 0.83) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Obesity | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.81 (0.79–0.86) |
| Diabetes | 1.38 (1.25–1.32) | 1.55 (1.45–1.65) | 2.12 (1.97–2.28) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.71 (0.67–0.74) | 0.69 (0.66–0.73) |
| Hypertension | 0.43 (0.41–0.45) | 1.24 (1.18–1.31) | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.78 (0.75–0.80) |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.31 (1.21–1.43) | 1.42 (1.29–1.55) | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) | 0.62 (0.58–0.66) | 0.58 (0.54–0.63) |
| Stroke | 1.23 (1.03–1.48) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 1.19 (1.01-0.39) | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.74 (0.65–0.83) | 0.65 (0.57–0.75) |
| Renal disease | 1.84 (1.65–2.04) | 1.19 (1.07–1.34) | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 1.50 (1.40–1.61) | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) |
| Empty model | ||||||
| ICC | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| MOR | 1.63 | 5.27 | 4.25 | 2.25 | 1.772 | 1.40 |
| Adjusted model | ||||||
| ICC | 0.08 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| MOR | 1.70 | 6.36 | 4.30 | 2.26 | 1.72 | 1.36 |
aOR (95% CI) = Adjusted odds ratio by age and sex (95% confidence interval). n: describes the target population for each preventive services. Yo: Years old. ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient. MOR: median OR