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. 2024 May 14;24:236. doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-03048-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Features of COPD changes after exercise training. A, lung sections stained with HE and Masson (Bar = 50 μm, 100× and 200×, respectively); B, CSA of alveolar; C-H, parameters of lung volume and ventilation function; I-L, cytokines level of BALF. CSA, cross sectional area; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV50, forced expiratory volume in 50 ms; MV, minute ventilation; Cydn, dynamic lung compliance; PEF, peak expiratory flow; IL, Interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; CG, control group; SG, cigarette smoke group; LEG, low-intensity exercise group; MEG, moderate-intensity exercise group; HEG, high-intensity exercise group; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01