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. 2024 Mar 15;11(18):2307233. doi: 10.1002/advs.202307233

Figure 6.

Figure 6

GABA inhibited the polarization of macrophages toward proinflammation. A) qRT‐PCR analysis showing the mRNA levels of Nos2 and Tnf in LPS‐stimulated BMDM in the presence or absence of GABA. n = 6 per group. ***, p < 0.001 (one‐way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). B) Flow cytometry analysis showing the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of M1 surface marker TNF‐α in macrophages. n = 3 in Ctrl and GABA group, n = 6 in LPS and LPS+GABA group. ***, p < 0.001 (one‐way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test). C) Measurement of IL‐1β secretion in cell culture supernatants by ELISA. Data are shown as the mean ± SEMs, n = 6 per group; ***, p < 0.001 (one‐way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). D) qRT‐PCR analysis showing the mRNA levels of Il1b and Nlrp3. n = 6 per group. ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001 (one‐way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). E) Immunoblotting analysis showing the protein levels of NLRP3, cleaved Caspase‐1, and cleaved IL‐1β in BMDM. n = 3 per group. ns, not significant; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 (one‐way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). F) Immunoblotting analysis showing the protein levels of cleaved Caspase‐1 and cleaved IL‐1β in heart tissues. n = 3 per group. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 (one‐way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). GABA, γ‐aminobutyric acid; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; Nos2, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Tnf/TNF‐α, Tumor necrosis factor‐α; Nlrp3/NLRP3, NOD‐, LRR‐ and pyrin domain‐containing protein 3; Il1b/IL‐1β, Interleukin‐1β; Caspase‐1, cysteine aspartate specific protease‐1; HSP90, heat shock protein 90.