TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population in ADNI.
| CN | MCI | AD dementia | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 235) | (N = 137) | (N = 47) | (N = 419) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 68.7 (±3.85) | 68.2 (±5.17) | 68.0 (±5.36) | 68.5 (±4.50) | 0.980 |
| Female | 150 (63.8%) | 54 (39.4%) | 25 (53.2%) | 229 (54.7%) | 2.95×10−5 |
| Education (years) | 16.7 (±2.27) | 16.1 (±2.54) | 15.5 (±2.57) | 16.3 (±2.42) | 0.004 |
| APOE ε4 carrier status | |||||
| ε4−/− | 149 (63.4%) | 58 (42.3%) | 8 (17.0%) | 215 (51.3%) | 5.31×10−12 |
| ε4+/− | 82 (34.9%) | 55 (40.1%) | 30 (63.8%) | 167 (39.9%) | |
| ε4+/+ | 4 (1.7%) | 24 (17.5%) | 9 (19.1%) | 37 (8.8%) | |
| ALPS index | 1.28 (±0.187) | 1.24 (±0.198) | 1.17 (±0.143) | 1.26 (±0.189) | 3.16×10−4 |
| PACC score | 0.748 (±2.52) | −5.50 (±4.89) | −15.7 (±3.76) | −3.02 (±6.29) | <2.22×10−16 |
| ADNI‐MEM | 1.19 (±0.558) | 0.308 (±0.649) | −0.816 (±0.490) | 0.690 (±0.874) | <2.22×10−16 |
| ADNI‐EF | 1.21 (±0.799) | 0.504 (±0.869) | −0.859 (±1.07) | 0.758 (±1.07) | <2.22×10−16 |
| CSF Aβ42 (pg/ml) | 1270 (±563) | 1050 (±534) | 636 (±332) | 1110 (±568) | 2.85×10−12 |
| CSF p‐tau181 (pg/ml) | 20.2 (±8.32) | 25.3 (±13.1) | 34.3 (±14.6) | 23.7 (±11.9) | 1.34×10−8 |
| CSF t‐tau (pg/ml) | 226 (±80.8) | 266 (±117) | 344 (±130) | 254 (±108) | 4.19×10−7 |
| AV45 PET SUVR | 0.759 (±0.100) | 0.836 (±0.155) | 1.03 (±0.114) | 0.821 (±0.152) | 4.42×10−15 |
| FBB PET SUVR | 0.748 (±0.114) | 0.759 (±0.105) | 1.01 (±0.207) | 0.778 (±0.147) | 0.001 |
| AV1451 PET SUVR | 1.18 (±0.114) | 1.29 (±0.235) | 1.52 (±0.299) | 1.24 (±0.193) | 3.48×10−7 |
| FDG PET SUVR | 1.32 (±0.119) | 1.26 (±0.130) | 1.01 (±0.149) | 1.23 (±0.168) | <2.22×10−16 |
| Hippocampal volume (cm3) | 0.0235 (±0.705) | −0.494 (±0.993) | −1.76 (±0.757) | −0.321 (±0.972) | <2.22×10−16 |
| AD signature ROI volume (cm3) | 65.5 (±7.77) | 65.6 (±8.19) | 55.3 (±9.47) | 64.4 (±8.70) | 5.39×10−8 |
| WMHVF | 0.002 (±0.003) | 0.003 (±0.004) | 0.004 (±0.004) | 0.003 (±0.003) | 3.00×10−5 |
| GMVF | 0.431 (±0.021) | 0.420 (±0.026) | 0.402 (±0.025) | 0.424 (±0.025) | <2.22×10−16 |
| Mean FA | 0.243 (±0.017) | 0.237 (±0.016) | 0.228 (±0.017) | 0.239 (±0.017) | <2.22×10−16 |
| Mean MD | 0.00119 (±0.0001) | 0.00123 (±0.0001) | 0.00130 (±0.0001) | 0.00121 (±0.0001) | <2.22×10−16 |
| Longitudinal data (median, IQR, range) | |||||
| ALPS index | N = 133 | N = 89 | N = 29 | N = 251 | |
| Visits | 3 (1, 2−8) | 3 (2, 2−13) | 3 (1, 2−4) | 3 (2, 2−13) | 0.006 |
| Duration (years) | 2.1 (2, 0.45−9.5) | 2 (2, 0.21−11.11) | 1 (0.3, 0.18−2.26) | 2 (2, 0.2−11.1) | 1.68×10−8 |
| CSF Aβ42 | N = 77 | N = 31 | N = 6 | N = 114 | |
| Visits | 2 (1, 2−6) | 2 (1, 2−6) | 2 (0, 2−2) | 2 (1, 2−6) | 0.066 |
| Duration (years) | 2.3 (2, 1.95−9.92) | 3 (2, 1.77−11.11) | 2 (0.1, 1.95−2.26) | 2.2 (2, 1.8−11.1) | 0.096 |
| CSF p‐tau181 | N = 77 | N = 28 | N = 5 | N = 110 | |
| Visits | 2 (1, 2−6) | 3 (1, 2−6) | 2 (0, 2−2) | 2 (1, 2−6) | 0.042 |
| Duration (years) | 2.3 (2, 1.95−9.92) | 3.8 (2, 1.97−11.11) | 2 (0.1, 1.95−2.26) | 2.3 (2, 2−11.1) | 0.067 |
| CSF t‐tau | N = 78 | N = 28 | N = 5 | N = 111 | |
| Visits | 2 (1, 2−6) | 2.5 (1, 2−6) | 2 (0, 2−2) | 2 (1, 2−6) | 0.067 |
| Duration (years) | 2.3 (2, 1.95−9.92) | 3.3 (2, 1.97−11.11) | 2 (0.1, 1.95−2.26) | 2.3 (2, 2−11.1) | 0.087 |
| AV45 PET imaging | N = 118 | N = 64 | N = 7 | N = 189 | |
| Visits | 3 (2, 2−6) | 2.5 (1, 2−6) | 2 (0, 2−2) | 3 (2, 2−6) | 0.010 |
| Duration (years) | 4 (4.3, 1.54−9.92) | 3.8 (2, 1.72−9.98) | 2 (0, 1.95−2.26) | 4 (3.9, 1.5−10) | 5.65×10−4 |
| AV1451 PET imaging | N = 97 | N = 26 | N = 10 | N = 133 | |
| Visits | 2 (1, 2−4) | 2.5 (1, 2−6) | 2 (1, 2−3) | 2 (1, 2−6) | 0.605 |
| Duration (years) | 4 (3.1, 0.97−9.92) | 2.9 (5.7, 0.88−11.11) | 1.6 (1, 0.95−2.34) | 4 (3.2, 0.9−11.1) | 5.41×10−4 |
| FDG PET imaging | N = 22 | N = 28 | N = 4 | N = 54 | |
| Visits | 2 (0, 2−3) | 2 (1, 2−3) | 2 (0, 2−2) | 2 (0, 2−3) | 0.135 |
| Duration (years) | 2 (0.1, 1.76−6.58) | 2 (3.9, 1.77−6.98) | 2 (0, 1.95−2.03) | 2 (1.9, 1.8−7) | 0.222 |
| Structural MRI | N = 157 | N = 97 | N = 30 | N = 284 | |
| Visits | 3 (2, 2−8) | 3 (3, 2−11) | 3 (1, 2−4) | 3 (2, 2−11) | 4.32×10−4 |
| Duration (years) | 2.2 (2.3, 0.46−9.22) | 2.9 (2.2, 0.21−9.1) | 1 (1, 0.18−2.34) | 2.2 (2.1, 0.2−9.2) | 5.61×10−10 |
Notes: Raw data were presented as mean (± standard deviation [SD]) or number (percentage, %) in tables unless otherwise noted. Data were compared using two‐tailed Kruskal–Wallis tests or chi‐square tests.
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADNI, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; APOE, apolipoprotein E; ALPS, analysis along the perivascular space; AV45, florbetapir; AV1451, flortaucipir; CN, cognitively normal; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EF, executive function composite score; FA, fractional anisotropy; FBB, florbetaben; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; GMVF, gray matter volume fraction; IQR, interquartile range; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MD, mean diffusivity; MEM, memory composite score; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; p‐tau181, phosphorylated tau 181; PACC, Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite; PET, positron emission tomography; ROI, region of interest; SUVR, standard uptake value ratio; t‐tau, total tau; WMLVF, white matter hyper hyperintensity volume fraction.