Table 3.
Univariable and Multivariable Linear Regression Analysis for the Regression Coefficients of the Principal Components
| Standardized β (95% CI) | P | Standardized aβ (95% CI) | P | PC Direction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSF and plasma Aβ42 + CSF CCL2 (PC1 of C1 model P < .001, 39.2% explained variance) | |||||
| Age, y | .111 (−.035 to .256) | .134 | .048 (−.101 to .197) | .527 | … |
| CSF HIV RNA, cp/mL | .203 (.039 to .420) | .018 | .162 (−.017 to .340) | .075 | … |
| Male sex | −.193 (−.337 to −.050) | .009 | −.168 (−.314 to −.022) | .023 | Lower |
| NNRTI use | .143 (−.001 to .288) | .052 | .097 (−.050 to .244) | .093 | … |
| Current ART, mo | .093 (−.053 to .238) | .211 | .042 (−.105 to .188) | .574 | … |
| Positive urine screening | −.129 (−.274 to .016) | .081 | Excludeda | … | … |
| SSRI use | .172 (.028 to .316) | .020 | .144 (.001 to .287) | .040 | Higher |
| Duration of SSRIs, mo | .180 (.036 to .324) | .014 | .050 (−.385 to .485) | .227 | … |
| SNRI use | −.033 (−.672 to .427) | .661 | … | … | … |
| BDI-II, score | −.066 (−.212 to .080) | .460 | −.047 (−.190 to .096) | .507 | … |
| Statin use | .030 (−.292 to .443) | .684 | … | … | … |
| ACEI use | .040 (−.280 to .489) | .594 | … | … | … |
| Tobacco smoking | .153 (.009 to .298) | .038 | Excludeda | … | … |
| CSAR | .132 (−.013 to .277) | .074 | Excludeda | … | … |
| CSF 8-oxo-dG + CSF total Tau + CSF sCD14 (PC1 of C2 model P < .001, 61.8% explained variance) | |||||
| Age, y | .163 (.018 to .307) | .027 | .097 (−.148 to .342) | .264 | … |
| CSF HIV RNA, cp/mL | .307 (.143 to .471) | <.001 | .202 (.033 to .371) | <.001 | Higher |
| HIV infection, mo | .182 (.038 to .326) | .013 | Excludeda | … | … |
| SSRI use | −.171 (−.270 to −.072) | .021 | −.123 (−.231 to −.015) | .042 | Lower |
| Duration of SSRIs, mo | −.123 (−.268 to .022) | .096 | −.086 (−.298 to .126) | .579 | … |
| SNRI use | .072 (−.279 to .818) | .334 | … | … | … |
| BDI-II, score | .213 (.069 to .357) | .004 | .205 (.122 to .288) | .002 | Higher |
| Statin use | −.024 (−.427 to .308) | .751 | … | … | … |
| ACEI use | −.023 (−.445 to .324) | .758 | … | … | … |
| Tobacco smoking | −.162 (−.306 to −.017) | .028 | Excludeda | … | … |
| CSF total protein, mg/dL | .540 (.360 to .720) | <.001 | .547 (.377 to .717) | <.001 | Higher |
| CSAR | .183 (.040 to .327) | .013 | .149 (.043 to .252) | .016 | Higher |
| Plasma sCD14 + plasma sCD40L (PC2 of C2 model P = .006, 37.9% explained variance) | |||||
| Age, y | −.071 (−.216 to .075) | .341 | −.028 (−.173 to .116) | .698 | … |
| CD4+ T cell nadir, cells/µL | .151 (.006 to .295) | .041 | Excludeda | … | … |
| CD4+ T cell count, cells/µL | .130 (−.016 to .276) | .080 | Excludeda | … | … |
| Current ART, mo | −.127 (−.272 to .018) | .086 | Excludeda | … | … |
| BMI | .174 (.030 to .318) | .018 | .203 (.056 to .350) | .007 | Higher |
| SSRI use | .146 (.001 to .290) | .048 | .149 (.006 to .292) | .042 | Higher |
| Duration of SSRIs, mo | .101 (−.044 to .247) | .172 | −.009 (−.429 to .411) | .966 | … |
| SNRI use | −.073 (−.825 to .273) | .322 | … | … | … |
| BDI-II, score | .048 (−.100 to .195) | .524 | .075 (−.070 to .220) | .309 | … |
| Statin use | .023 (−.310 to .425) | .757 | … | … | … |
| ACEI use | −.056 (−.562 to .295) | .539 | … | … | … |
| Antimicrobial use | −.181 (−.325 to −.037) | .014 | −.216 (−.360 to −.072) | .004 | Lower |
| Immunomodulator use | −.132 (−.277 to .013) | .075 | Excludeda | … | … |
| CSF and plasma neopterin + CSF sTNFR-II (PC1 of C4 model P < .001, 46.5% explained variance) | |||||
| Age, y | .071 (−.047 to .189) | .235 | .091 (−.015 to .198) | .092 | … |
| PI use | .113 (−.004 to .230) | .058 | Excludeda | … | … |
| NNRTI use | −.124 (−.241 to −.007) | .038 | −.109 (−.221 to .004) | .058 | … |
| Current ART, mo | .045 (−.073 to .163) | .457 | .041 (−.067 to .0150) | .455 | … |
| BMI | .112 (−.006 to .229) | .063 | Excludeda | … | … |
| GDS | .126 (.017 to .235) | .024 | .137 (.030 to .243) | .012 | Higher |
| SSRI use | .033 (−.282 to .444) | .659 | … | … | … |
| SNRI use | .237 (.124 to .350) | <.001 | .223 (.072 to .374) | .004 | Higher |
| Duration of SNRIs, mo | .172 (.056 to .287) | .004 | .005 (−.145 to .156) | .943 | … |
| BDI-II, score | .111 (.001 to .221) | .049 | .025 (−.083 to .133) | .650 | … |
| Statin use | .045 (−.204 to .389) | .540 | … | … | … |
| ACEI use | −.069 (−.456 to .164) | .354 | … | … | … |
| Antimicrobial use | .114 (−.003 to .231) | .057 | Excludeda | … | … |
Linear regression models for PC regression coefficients. The table shows the results for the 4 medication classes, for significant (P value < .10) variables in univariable analysis, and for variables that were used to adjust the multivariable models regardless of univariable significance (univariable nonsignificant variables are not reported). Variables with P values <.10 on univariable analysis were included as candidate covariates in multivariable analysis and the best-fitting final models were identified through Akaike Information Criterion. Age, the clinical indication, and the duration of every drug that resulted associated on univariable analysis were retained to adjust the final model, regardless of univariable significance. P values <0.05 are highlighted in bold.
Abbreviations: 8-oxo-dG, 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ART, antiretroviral therapy; aβ, adjusted β; Aβ42, fragment 1–42 of β amyloid; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; BMI, body mass index; CCL2, chemokine C-C motif ligand 2; cp, copies; CSAR, CSF to serum albumin ratio; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; GDS, global deficit score; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PC, principal component; PI, protease inhibitors; sCD14, soluble cluster of differentiation 14; sCD40L, soluble ligand of cluster of differentiation 40; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; sTNFR-II, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II.
aExcluded variables by backward selection are still shown in each model.