Table 2.
Summary of outcomes
| Author | Time period | Assessment tool | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Randomized controlled trials | |||||
| 1 | Bebee et al. (2021) | 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min after drug administration and at discharge | Pain scores (verbal numerical rating scale 0–10; 10 being worst) | Baseline: Cannabidiol group: 7.5 Placebo: 7.2 |
At 2 h: Cannabidiol group: 6.2 Placebo: 5.8 |
| Prospective studies | |||||
| 2 | Haroutounian et al. (2016) | 6 months | S-TOPS (Treatment Outcomes in Pain survey—short form) questionnaire | Pain severity on S-TOPS: 83.3 (95% CI 79.2–87.5) | Pain severity on S-TOPS: 75.0 (95% CI 70.8–79.2) |
| Brief pain inventory | |||||
| Pain interference on BPI: 8.14 (95% CI 7.28–8.43) | Pain interference on BPI: 6.71 (95% CI 6.14–7.14) | ||||
| Pain severity on BPI: 7.50 (95% CI 6.75–7.75) | Pain severity on BPI: 6.25 (95% CI 5.75–6.75) | ||||
| Milligrams of daily opioid use | Daily opioid use among opioid users (n = 73) (mg): 60.0 (95% CI 45.0–90.0) | 32 discontinued opioid treatment (44% reduction, p < 0.001) | |||
| Retrospective studies | |||||
| 3 | Mondello et al. (2018) | 12 months | Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire (DN4) | DN4: Range of 7/10 to 10/10—mean 8.90± 1.37 | DN4: Not measured at 12 months |
| BPI: 8.15±0.98 | |||||
| Brief pain inventory | BPI: 4.72 ±0.9 | ||||
| 4 | Takakuwa et al. (2020) | Up to 11 years | Number of patients who stopped opioids and change in morphine equivalents | Median time patients on opioids: 3 years (range 0.1–20) | 32 (52.5%) were able to completely stop opioids with median time of 6.4 years (0.4–15.7) |
| Median morphine equivalents used: 21 mg/day (range 1.1–500) | |||||
| 5 | Ueberall et al. (2019) | 12 weeks | Pain Detect questionnaire (PDQ7) | Median: 19.0 ± 5.4 | Not reported |
| Visual Analogue Pain (VAS) scale | |||||
| Median: 48.6 ± 20.4 | Not reported | ||||
| Patient’s Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale | |||||
| Changes in analgesic medication | Not reported | 379 (76.1%) neuropathic chronic pain patients reported “much better” or “very much better” | |||
| 473 (50.1%) patients used analgesic medications | |||||
| 651 (81.4%) patients used analgesic medications | |||||
| 6 | Vigil et al. (2017) | 21 months | Follow-up survey | 86% back pain | Pain post-pain prior: −3.4 ± 2.1 (p value < 0.001) |
| MCP: Average daily opioid dosage in the last 3 months (mg): 12.4 ± 23.4 (change of −12.0 ± 23.4) | |||||
| Average prescribed daily dosage of IV morphine using GLOBALRPh | MCP: Average daily opioid dosage in the 1st 3 months (mg): 24.2 ± 23.3 | Comparison: 12.3 ± 12.4 (change of −3.9 ± 13.2) | |||
| Comparison: 16.2 ± 14.8 | |||||
| Cross-over studies | |||||
| 7 | Yassin et al. (2019) | 6 months | Visual Analogue Pain (VAS) pain scale | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ±2.2 (p value < 0.0001) |
| Oswestry low back pain disability index (ODI) | |||||
| 73.7 ± 11.4 | 30.7 ± 13.6 (p value < 0.0001) | ||||
| Patient’s Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale | |||||
| Pharmacy dispensed medications | |||||
| Median: 3 | (3 months)—median: 6.0 | ||||
| At 3 months: median of 2.0 | At 6 months: median of 4.0 | ||||
| Case reports | |||||
| 8 | Eskander et al. (2020) | Case #1: 4 weeks | Pain scale of 0–10 | Case #1: 8/10 | Case #1: 1–2/10 |
| Case #2: immediate | Number of hours of relief | Case #2: not reported | Case #2: 7–8 h of relief | ||
| 9 | Ko et al. (2016) | Case #1: 60 days | Pain scale of 0–10 | Case #1: 9/10 | Case #1: 3/10 |
| Case #2: 2 weeks | Case #2: 8/10 | Case #2: 3/10 | |||
| 10 | Toor et al. (2017) | 2 months | Pain scale 0–10 | 05-Oct | 02-Oct |
| Medication changes | 60 mg benzimidazole | Weaned off all opioids | |||
| 11 | Yeung et al. (2018) | 1 month | Pain scale of 0–10 | 7–10/10 | 04-Oct |
| 12 | Zarabian et al. (2021) | 2 months | Pain scale of 0–10 | 09-Oct | 0–3/10 |
| Medication changes | Acetominophen-codeine | Discontinuation of acetaminophen-codeine | |||