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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 15.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2023 Nov 30;149(1):e1–e156. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193

Figure 1. Temporal Trends in Counts and Age-Standardized Rates of AF-Prevalent Cases by Social Demographic Index Quintile for Both Sexes Combined, 1990–2017.

Figure 1.

Trends in counts of AF-prevalent cases by SDI quintile, 1990–2017. SDI was made up of the geometric mean of 3 common indicators: the lag distributed income per capita, mean educational achievement for those aged ≥15 y, and total fertility rate <25 y. SDI ranged from 0 to 1, where 0 represents the theoretical minimum level of development, whereas 1 represents the theoretical maximum level of development. Modified from Dai et al7 by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. Copyright 2020 Oxford University Press. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; and SDI, Social Demographic Index.