Table 2.
Intraoperative and postoperative variables in the sevoflurane and propofol groups.
| Variables | Overall patients | Matched patients | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sevoflurane (n = 31,168) | Propofol (n = 13,177) | p-value | SMD | Sevoflurane (n = 7767) | Propofol (n = 7767) | p-value | SMD | |
| Emergency surgery | 1443 (4.6) | 841 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 0.077 | 499 (6.4) | 483 (6.2) | 0.621 | 0.008 |
| Surgical risk | < 0.001 | 0.449 | 0.014 | 0.047 | ||||
| 1 | 4073 (13.1) | 865 (6.6) | 778 (10.0) | 696 (9.0) | ||||
| 2 | 24,687 (79.2) | 12,246 (92.9) | 6901 (88.9) | 7005 (90.2) | ||||
| 3 | 2408 (7.7) | 66 (0.5) | 88 (1.1) | 66 (0.9) | ||||
| Duration of anesthesia (h) | 4.5 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 0.431 | 4.36 (0.44) | 4.36 (0.40) | 0.431 | 0.015 |
| Vasoactive agent use | 15,734 (48.7) | 4,638 (33.7) | < 0.001 | 0.037 | 3114 (40.1) | 3011 (38.8) | 0.139 | 0.027 |
| VIS | 0.29 (4.03) | 0.14 (1.38) | 0.016 | 0.306 | 0.19 (1.61) | 0.17 (1.54) | 0.568 | 0.014 |
| Intraoperative | ||||||||
| RBC (unit) | 0.21 (3.69) | 0.39 (3.19) | < 0.001 | 0.052 | 0.35 (4.89) | 0.36 (3.86) | 0.863 | 0.003 |
| FFP (unit) | 0.02 (0.32) | 0.07 (0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.076 | 0.05 (0.46) | 0.05 (0.55) | 0.568 | 0.009 |
| Hypotension (min) | 5 [0–20] | 5 [0–20] | 0.988 | 0.004 | 5 [0–25] | 5 [0–20] | 0.185 | 0.023 |
| Steroid use | 2002 (6.4) | 832 (6.3) | 0.683 | 0.004 | 554 (7.1) | 511 (6.6) | 0.182 | 0.022 |
| Acetaminophen use | 5624 (18.0) | 929 (7.1) | < 0.001 | 0.337 | 842 (10.8) | 823 (10.6) | 0.641 | 0.008 |
| NSAIDs use | 1907 (6.1) | 261 (2.0) | < 0.001 | 0.211 | 227 (2.9) | 218 (2.8) | 0.7 | 0.007 |
| Postoperative | ||||||||
| Steroid use | 3397 (10.9) | 7868 (59.7) | < 0.001 | 1.188 | 2843 (36.6) | 2803 (36.1) | 0.294 | 0.017 |
| Acetaminophen use | 16,854 (54.1) | 10,003 (75.9) | < 0.001 | 0.47 | 5683 (73.2) | 5600 (72.1) | 0.14 | 0.024 |
| NSAIDs use | 9906 (31.8) | 7965 (60.4) | < 0.001 | 0.6 | 3633 (46.8) | 3647 (47.0) | 0.834 | 0.004 |
| Antibiotics use | 1908 (6.1) | 1544 (11.7) | < 0.001 | 0.185 | 658 (8.5) | 642 (8.3) | 0.664 | 0.007 |
| Antiepileptics use | 260 (0.8) | 785 (6.0) | < 0.001 | 0.286 | 187 (2.4) | 199 (2.6) | .0.871 | 0.01 |
| Inotropic/vasopressor | 556 (1.8) | 190 (1.4) | 0.012 | 0.027 | 120 (1.5) | 114 (1.5) | 0.742 | 0.006 |
FFP fresh frozen plasma, RBC red blood cell, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, SMD standardized mean difference, VIS vasoactive inotropic score.
Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation), median [inter-quartile range], or number (%). VIS = dopamine dose (mcg/kg/min) + dobutamine dose (mcg/kg/min) + 100∙epinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min) + 10∙milrinone dose (mcg/kg/min) + 10,000∙vasopressin dose (unit/kg/min) + 100∙norepinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min).