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. 2024 May 15;14:11088. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61788-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of (a) the mean number of flower visits and (b) mean number of visiting taxa per 15-min observation for each species in the native (yellow) and introduced (pink) ranges. To calculate this metric, visits were first divided by the number of floral units per observation before taking means (per species per site) [see Supplementary information for variance across sites and model coefficients/confidence intervals per species]. Images of plant species observed in this study are displayed to the right of both graphs accompanied by letters A-J which correspond to letters displayed on the graphs (all images credited to Z Xirocostas).